Ibsen vs. Tolstoy - 1317 Words

Christina Block Readings in the Humanities Professor Tovey Van Aulen March 23, 2010 Societal Influences in 19th Century Europe During the Victorian Era, living in the middle class, many people were strongly influenced by society, especially in Europe. People felt that they needed to look perfect in the public eye and everything they did had to be something that society would approve of, otherwise it was out of the question. Henrik Ibsen uses the main characters of Nora and Torvald, in his play, â€Å"A Doll’s House† just as Leo Tolstoy uses the main characters of Ivan and Praskovya, in his novel, The Death of Ivan Ilyich, to convey what it was like to live in a middle-class society in nineteenth century Europe. By showing that society†¦show more content†¦Nora and Torvold had a nanny for the children, and Ivan and Praskovya had a butler and pantry boy who became very important to Ivan in the weeks of his life. Gender played an enormous role in shaping Nora, Torvald, Ivan, and Praskovya’s identities. Society had very clear views of what a man should be and what a woman should be. The men were to be the providers for the family, they had to have a respectable job and take care of all the family’s financial needs. The women were to stay at home and tend to her husbands and children’s needs, whatever they may be. Nora and Torvald were the perfect example of this. Nora stayed home with the children and the nanny and decorated the house and made everything comfortable for everyone while Torvold worked at the bank. When Nora took the loan out from the bank she had to hide it from everyone because that was a very disrespectful thing to do in society’s eyes at that time, which is why when Torvold found out he was infuriated. When Torvold realized that if anyone found out their reputation would be destroyed and everything he worked hard for would be gone because it would have seemed that they have stepped out of their gender roles and gone against society, he said to her, â€Å"Now you have destroyed a ll my happiness. You have ruined all my future.† (Ibsen 77).

Benefits Of Slavery For The North - 899 Words

Benefits Of Slavery For The North Growing up north of the Mason-Dixon line, I learned a version of history in which the northern states were standing on principle. The North stood on the righteous side of the line that said no longer would slavery be tolerated. On the other side of the line was the South, who depended on slavery and would revolt sooner than change their ways. Later in life, I moved south of the Mason-Dixon line to Richmond, Virginia, which was at one time the capital of the Confederacy. Here, I learned an alternate version of history, one of the rights of the states against an oppressive government. What I once knew as the â€Å"War On Slavery† was here called the â€Å"War Against Northern Aggression.† The truth of the matter may lie somewhere between these two viewpoints, but they both miss an important fact. Beyond the propaganda and catchy phrases is the simple fact the northern states had profited greatly from slavery. In some ways directly, such as the trade itself, and in others more indirect, such as the boom of New England ship building. Direct Benefit of the Slave Trade The most direct benefit of slavery to the North was the trading of slaves. Slaves started arriving in New England in the first decade of the 1700s. By the middle of the century, Rhode Island had become the main carrier of slaves, and by the end of the American Revolution controlled 60–90 percent of the slave trade (Harper). The DeWolfe family of Rhode Island was among the mostShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Slavery For The North904 Words   |  4 PagesBenefits Of Slavery For The North Growing up just North of the Mason-Dixon line I learned a version of history that includes the Northern states standing on principle. The North stood on the righteous side of the line that said no longer would slavery be tolerated. On the other side of the line was the South that depended on slavery and would revolt sooner than change their ways. Later in life I moved South of the Mason-Dixon line to Richmond Virginia which was the one time capital of the ConfederacyRead MoreEssay about The American Civil War688 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Civil war was a series of transactions, or exchanges, between the North and the South. These transactions involved over 1 million Americans who put their lives at risk for the liberation of the country’s slaves. These transactions were influenced by three paramount concepts: perspectives, values, and relative evaluations of costs and benefits. In the midst of this tumultuous period of time in American history, these concepts shaped not just the people themselves but the social, politicalRead MoreThe Annexation Of Texas And The United States928 Words   |  4 Pagesshould be done with the new found territory. Whether it was people of the north looking to prevent another slave state from acquiring statehood, or slave owning people of the south trying to gain leverage in the Hou se of Representatives, people had differing opinions on the topic of Texas. The debate over Texas acquiring statehood was representative of the divide between North and South that led to Civil War in the U.S. In the North, many people didn’t want Texas to become a state, therefore were againstRead MoreThe South And North And South961 Words   |  4 Pages1800s, the South and the North were worlds apart from each other in various ways. The North and the South had altered economies, ideas, and attitudes toward slavery. The diverse economies in the North and South led to discrepancies among the regions about taxes on imported goods or tariffs. Furthermore the disagreements over slavery, tariffs, and other economic disputes amplified sectionalism, or the loyalty to one part of the country, in the North and the South. The North and South were ultimatelyRead MoreThe North Was Deeply Entrenched in Slavery Essay525 Words   |  3 PagesThe North and Slavery Slavery was deeply entrenched in the lives of Americans from both the north and the south. Plantation slavery and the Deep South is typically what comes to mind when the benefits of slavery are considered. However, northern states also benefited substantially from slavery even after it was outlawed in most northern states. Northern states specifically benefited from the shipping of slaves in northern ports, the financing of slaves and land for the south and the various supportRead MoreThe War Of The American Civil War991 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans and animosity that was built up over several years prior to it can be to blame. Most people think that slavery was the cause of this battle, and although slavery did play a part, it was not the main cause. The biggest roles played in the American Civil War were states’ rights, unfair bills, feelings of inferiority and threats to economy. The tension started during the time that the north attempted to pass a tariff that the south saw as an abomination. The Tariff of 1828 was passed, many SouthRead MoreThe Civil War Was Fought Over African American Freedom1331 Words   |  6 Pagesstraightforward answer, but many people still have different views and beliefs on what caused it. Many people believe that political issues or even taxation was the cause of the civil war. However, it was really over slavery. This essay will go over the civil war and explain why slavery caused the southerners and northerners to fight in the civil war. To what extent was the Civil War fought over African American freedom ? What were political issues that dominated U.S. politics in the 1850’s ? WhatRead MoreSlavery : The End Of The Civil War1543 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Slavery is founded in the selfishness of man s nature -- opposition to it is in his love of justice. These principles are an eternal antagonism; and when brought into collision so fiercely, as slavery extension brings them, shocks, and throes, and convulsions must ceaselessly follow. Repeal the Missouri Compromise -- repeal all compromises -- repeal the declaration of independence -- repeal all past history, you still can not repeal human nature. It still will be the abundance of man s heart,Read MoreNorth and South on Slavery1040 Words   |  4 PagesThe North and South have very different views on slavery. This has lead to lots of tension and fighting. When people were first settling here they had slaves. It has been going on for almost 100 years. Start ing around the Revolutionary war the North became opposed to slavery. They had less use for them as time went on. The South, on the other hand, felt they needed slavery. They had to harvest tobacco and cotton as fast as possible. They knew they couldn’t do it themselves so they bought lots ofRead MoreThe Economic Impact On The Economy Of The United States1246 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the days of 1820 to 1860 in the United States, the living style of Americans became more different from north to south. We can observe on the economic perspective. First, the difference of the industrial sectors led to the different extent of the need of slavery. The manufacturing sector, thanks for the advent of industrialization, did not require as many slaves as the agricultural sector did in the south which was largely supported by a massive number of slaves. Secondly, due to the difference

Explained By Means Tabular Representation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Explained By Means Tabular Representation? Answer: Introduction By reviewing the whole article, it has been found that no obscure phrase is present and key concepts related to the research problem has been adequaetely defined by the researcher. The research study by Ramjan et al., (2014) clearly mentions the purpose of research, which is to identify strategies that may assist nurse in increasing their competency in drug calculation teaching and assessment method. All types of teaching methods has been clearly explained by means of tabular representation. The usefulness of this research is high because it is a newly published article published in the year 2014, which might give new insights to improve skills and competencies of registered nurse. The reliability of the data is high because it is a recent work that has considered recent approaches and teaching methods to improve the competency of nurse in drug calculation. The key concepts related to factors that might affect the nurses ability to conduct mathematical calculation for drug dose has been discussed. This was dependent on experience, age, practice experience and age of nurses. Hence, the researcher highlighted the research problem, which is the rise in number of preventable medication errors, and need to prepare nurses to tailor drug calculation teaching. Therefore, the main concept behind the research is adequately explained. The motivation for the research is understood from the background information related to the topic that the researcher has discussed in the introduction section. The importance of nurses competency in drug calculation was seen because patients lives depend on those calculation. Any error in medication dose can cost lives of patients too. Research design and data analysis: Mixed method research approach was used to collect data from 327 female and 63 male nursing students of final year. The same size is adequate for giving reliable results. Secondly, the strategy to select only final year nursing students in the study reveals purposive sampling approach was taken to include participants in the study. Use of purposive sampling method is a good step by the researcher because it ensures fulfillment of the goal of research and getting reliable data from those people who experience the issue on a daily basis. It increased the generalizability and reliability of the study too (Etikan, Musa, Alkassim, 2016). Secondly, many teaching interventions were provided to improve the competency of the researcher. Two surveys were done to collect data-first was conducted during the tutorial classes and other was done after hands-on workshop. The use of both Likert scale and qualitative comment in the survey question is commendable because it will remove all possibiliti es of getting ambiguous data. The researcher also followed the ethical consideration that is required before conducting the research which further increased the viability of the research article. The use of SPSS tool and use of excel spreadsheet for manually analyzing theme gives an indication that data analysis is rigorous enough to effectively analyze both qualitative and quantitative data. The illustration of the TGP flow chart of process and intervention also makes all the research method clear. This method is considered reliable to get all answers to the research question. The same cross sectional mixed method survey design was also applied by Fleming, Brady Malone, (2014) to investigate nurses competency in drug calculation. However, in case of randomized controlled study, multiple choice test related drug dose calculation was considered to evaluate competency of the nurse (Simonsen et al., 2014). In the study by Ramjan et al., (2014), the main findings was that association was found between nurses numeracy skills performance and the remedial support sessions. Secondly, the evaluation of nurses perception regarding tailored intervention revealed that nurses found the online practice quiz useful because of its clinical relevance. On the whole, it can be stated that results presented was relevant to the research question and the table based response for statistical and qualitative numeracy skills performance promoted analysis of the data in much lesser time. While comparing the above article with other two article related to the same topic, it has been found that the first article gave more extensive numerical data related to scores of nurse in metric conversion, tablet dosage, fluid dosage, drip rate and total drug test scores (Fleming, Brady Malone, 2014). Although this is advantageous for evaluating the effectiveness of drug test for improving the competency of nurse, however the evaluation of numerous other interventions in Ramjan et al., (2014) has a much wider scope and credibility too. The scope of the study findings by Simonsen et al., (2014) is also narrow as it focused only on classroom learning and e-learning and not other types of teaching intervention. Discussion The discussion section of the study Ramjan et al., (2014) adequately explained how the research has given answer to the research aim. Positive response was given by staff regarding recent teaching intervention for medication calculation. Exposure to simulated scenarios enhanced their competency and confidence on drug calculation. The positive comment regarding hands-on workshop also revealed its effectiveness of visual learning. Therefore, the data obtained from the study was justified by the above explanation. Ramjan et al., (2014) finally concluded the research by giving the recommendation that intensive and contextualized numeracy teaching and assessment is more favoured by nurse now compared to traditional testing methods. More emphasis was given on contextualizing the teaching and learning process. However, the researcher did not pointed out to any areas of future research. Fleming, Brady Malone, (2014) also did not identified any future research area, however it gave the recommendation that national guideline on level and assessment of pharmacological content and drug calculation is necessary to improve medication calculation in nurses. The research by Simonsen et al., (2014) concluded that the result did not gave any outcome of practical significance. Hence, the reliability of the study was low and no future areas of research was also stated despite limitation in the study. The strength of the study is the use of simple language and no complicated jargons. It is easy for any reviewer to effectively understand all the concepts related to the study. Secondly, tabular representation of study finding promotes easy analysis of the research outcome. Ramjan et al., (2014) presented the research data by means of tabular representation. All the tables were systematically arranges with headings and key research variables. However, the flowchart regarding the research process and intervention was little complex and it took time to interpret them. The strength of the study is that the researcher has used include all types of teaching strategies to understand the effectiveness of research. This has helped to validate the importance visually enhanced hands-on intervention in improving numeracy learning in final year nurses. The other two studies and many other studies have not considered the evolving nature of learning methods while conducting the study (Pierce et al., 2008). The key weakness in the research is the Likert scale was used for the survey, however it has too many options which limited the validity of the study (Artino et al., 2011). The main weakness of the research by Ramjan et al., (2014) was too many option in Likert scales and this could have been addressed by taking lesser options or using validated survey tools. The work by Ramjan et al., (2014) is a high quality research article because he has reported about the research process in a very subjective manner. No personal comments has been made and all justification or arguments raised has been backed up by relevant research articles. Hence, no biasness in viewpoint is seen. The quality of Ramjan et al., (2014) is also understood from proper reference given for each citation. Link was provided in each citation and this helped in easily navigating to the research article from which the arguments were raised. The credibility of the author is further understood from their profession designation. For instance, Ramjan is a staff member in the School of Nursing and she is committed to educational research particularly in numeracy. This means she has enough experience in research works related to the teaching strategies in nursing demonstrating the validity of her research work (Doctor Lucie Ramjan 2017). Reference Artino Jr, A. R., Gehlbach, H., Durning, S. J. (2011). AM last page: avoiding five common pitfalls of survey design.Academic Medicine,86(10), 1327. Doctor Lucie Ramjan. (2017). Westernsydney.edu.au. [online] Available at: https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/staff_profiles/uws_profiles/doctor_lucie_ramjan [Accessed 11 Sep. 2017]. Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling.American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics,5(1), 1-4. Fleming, S., Brady, A. M., Malone, A. M. (2014). An evaluation of the drug calculation skills of registered nurses.Nurse education in practice,14(1), 55-61. Pierce, R. U., Steinle, V. A., Stacey, K. C., Widjaja, W. (2008). Understanding decimal numbers: a foundation for correct calculations.International journal of nursing education scholarship,5(1), 1-15. Ramjan, L. M., Stewart, L., Salamonson, Y., Morris, M. M., Armstrong, L., Sanchez, P., Flannery, L. (2014). Identifying strategies to assist final semester nursing students to develop numeracy skills: a mixed methods study.Nurse education today,34(3), 405-412. Simonsen, B. O., Daehlin, G. K., Johansson, I., Farup, P. G. (2014). Improvement of drug dose calculations by classroom teaching or e-learning: a randomised controlled trial in nurses.BMJ open,4(10), e006025.

The Loss of Victorian Morality Essay Example

The Loss of Victorian Morality Essay The Victorian Era and The Loss of Morality The Victorian era marks the period of Queen Victorians reign over England from 1837, until her death in January 1901. It was an age of new prosperity brought about by thriving industrialization, new scientific discoveries and technology, which encouraged the rise of an educated middle class. This new age also brought about a shift from agriculture to manufacturing, causing mass immigration into cities. City life provided Victorians with freedom and anonymity from the social values of smaller rural communities, and resulted in the loss of social and spiritual morality with lenience, poverty and carnality becoming routine occurrences. New cultural ideals and scientific findings, such as evolution, clashed with the religious philosophies of the time. The early Victorian age also had an influence upon literature and poetry and produced many excellent writers, such as Robert Browning, Charles Dickens, and Matthew Arnold. The subject matter of most Victorian works by these authors was usually socially oriented and focused upon the practical problems of daily life and contained moral messages for their readers. Robert Browning focused his poetry on the scandals of everyday Victorian urban fife. He used sex, violence and moral hypocrisy as themes in many of his poems. Browning, like Charles Dickens, filled his literary works with people from all levels of society and he also included characters that were immoral and evil. We will write a custom essay sample on The Loss of Victorian Morality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Loss of Victorian Morality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Loss of Victorian Morality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to The Literature Network, Robert Borrowing dramatic monologues covered a wide array of subjects, from lucid dreams to the nature of art and even the meaning of existence. His poems Porphyrys Lover and My Last Duchess, are similar in that they both include murderers who coldly describe their evil deeds without any remorse. Porphyrys Lover, begins with a lover describing the arrival of Porphyry, and then it quickly descends into a description of her murder at his hands. He describes how he strangled his lover with her own hair to preserve the moment forever. The poem My Last Duchess also echoes this theme of depravity. The Duke describes his last wife, whose painting is hidden behind a curtain on the wall, and cheerfully mentions that his wife seemed to smile at everyone, so he Gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together (Browning 503). Robert Browning, like Matthew Arnold, included religious figures in his momentary of the loss of social values in society. His poem, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister demonstrates that religious men were not immune to immoral behavior either. In the Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister, the speaker spews out his intense hatred for his colleague, Brother Lawrence. The reader quickly discovers that Brother Lawrence is a sincere and devout Christian; however, the narrator is in fact morally, spiritually and socially bankrupt. Scott and John, suggests that Borrowings botanical references throughout the poem not only demonstrate the narrators petty attitudes ND disturbed mind, but also suggests that homosexuality and buggery were common place. He points out that the word scrofulous in stanza 8, (Browning IPPP) could also refer to the Latin name of a plant commonly used to cure piles, which was poetry shares a common thread with Matthew Arnolds poetry, in that they both use variety and inventiveness to draw attention to a narrators thoughts and concerns. Arnold is more thoughtful about what true spiritual belief should be; yet, Browning tackles the same topics in a more flamboyant manner by illustrating what true Puritanism is not. The Bishop Orders His Tomb at Saint Parades Church, is one of Borrowing most famous poems and demonstrates his view that base, immoral tendencies could be found anywhere in Victorian society. This poem also portrays a man of high religious standing, who lacks the morals and values of Christianity. In the bishops final hours, he is not interested in seeking God or what the afterlife has in store for him, but rather he focuses on the material goods he is leaving behind on earth. He does not look at the afterlife as a chance of being closer to God, or coming whole, but rather sees it as his chance to leave a legacy on earth. In his final moments he is concerned over the type of gems and stone that his tomb will be made of, and is mostly concerned about outdoing Gondolas tomb. Rather than honoring the Christian idea that in dying on earth, one will thereby become alive to God, the Bishop focuses on honoring himself and his life. The bishop clings onto life, so that he can ensure that his tomb will reflect his greatness, and be an earthly monument that shows how much better he is than Gondola. When Browning addresses morality, his themes tend to revolve around the separation of people and morality from the church. Both the Bishop in The Bishop Orders His Tomb and the monk in the Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister are concerned with earthly matters as opposed to the Christian message that one needs to focus on the things in Heaven. Browning uses art as a symbol of the loss of morality. The art mentioned in Borrowing poems sound like beautiful works; however, the beauty is merely an illusion that highlights a narrator who is immoral, at best, or a cold-blooded murderer at worst. The portrait of the Duchess was only painted because of the corruption and evil of the Duke. Just as the Bishops beautiful tomb was only to be constructed in order for the Bishop to praise himself, and his worldly possessions. Matthew Arnolds poems, Stanzas from the Grandee Chartreuse and Dover Beach, show his distrust of the past and the philosophies, theologies and ideals that were popular in their time. Arnold is living in an era of change, and while he determines that faith and religion no longer provide answers or meaning to his life, he has nothing to replace it with. In Stanzas from the Grandee Chartreuse he finds that he is wandering between two worlds (Arnold 85); the world of religion which he has deemed as dead (Arnold 85) and the new scientific knowledge and beliefs that are unable to fill the void left by the loss of faith, and are too powerless to be born. (Arnold 86) Arnold laments that if the time for faith and spiritual fulfillment has passed, then why cant science take away, At least, the restlessness, (and) the pain (Arnold 103). He is cynical about his own time period and questions the ability of society to make spiritual or moral sense of the new modern era. Arnolds concerns for future generations reflect the turmoil caused by booming industrialization. He suggests that religion should provide moral guidance and a social safety net during chaotic times of change, and although scientific knowledge and advancements appear to make the concept of faith obsolete, there will always be the necessity for of the nineteenth or even the twentieth century captures the isolation of modern humanity as does Dover Beach, with its use of the Tachycardia night battle. Anderson points out that the poem encompasses Arnolds theme about the human indention and attempts to capture the sense of confusion and isolation. Arnold believed that poetry should illuminate the human condition by offering a satisfying sense of reality and reconciling human beings with the universe(Anderson). Arnold believes the loss of morality is centered upon the loss of religion in society, and he like Dickens, also agrees that new philosophies, science and facts are not substitutes f or spiritual wholeness. Both Arnold and Browning address the churches role in the loss of morality. When Arnold refers to the Catholic Church in Stanzas from the Grandee Chartreuse he mentions how the church and priests are prideful, and the purpose of their hymns is to honor the march of Rome (Arnold 599 line 50). Arnold uses imagery, specifically the scenery of nature as symbols of lost morality. Arnolds description of the long disused trail to the Saint Laurent Monastery symbolizes the abandonment of religion and religious morality and values in society. Arnolds description of nature seems to be violent and dark, symbolizing the clash of nature and religion. Charles Dickenss novel, Hard Times, was published in 1854 and serves s the authors commentary on industrialization and the age of machinery, as well as the prevailing philosophy of rationalism, self-interest, and fact. F. R. Leaves classifies it as a moral fable (Dickens 364), and states that Dickens is Possessed by a comprehensive vision, one in which the inhumanities of Victorian civilization are seen as fostered and sanctioned by a hard philosophy, the aggressive formulation of an inhumane spirit (Dickens 365). Dickens uses the characters of the Grandkid children to illustrate the emotional and spiritual void that fact-driven philosophy has left them. They are unable to cope with the morally depraved effects of an industrialized civilization and are ill-equipped to make any real decisions about anything important in their lives. One of the novels main characters is Louisa Grandkid. She is a woman who appears to be cold, detached and unfeeling due to the education she has received that focused entirely upon cold hard facts. Her father describes her as: well-trained and not impulsive not romantic Accustomed to view everything from the strong dispassionate ground of reason and calculation (Dickens 75). She is neither moral nor amoral. Under the Utilitarian philosophy, Louisa is merely an excellent end product, full of dry, useless facts and void of any imagination (Dickens 79). Louisa brother, Tom, also a product of strict utilitarian schooling and upbringing is described as someone Whose imagination had been strangled in his cradle and is a hypocrite and a monster (Dickens 102). Tom turns out to be a self-absorbed thief who prefers money and gambling above all else, even family. His life ends badly after he robs Bounders bank and eventually dies thousands of miles away from Louisa. Dickens communicates the loss of holding innocence due to the changing philosophies and times, and the impact the loss of childhood had on ones moral character. Dickenss characterization of Mr.. Grandkids good friend, Josiah Bounder, exemplifies the social and moral decline created by industrialization and capitalism. Bounder appears to be a self-made man who has worked his way up the social of a factory and a bank which he professes to be the result of being a hard worker who possesses self-discipline and boundless determination. Dickens exposes Bounder as a fraud and describes him as a Bully of humility, who had built his Indy reputation upon lies, and in his boastfulness had put the honest truth as far away from him (Dickens 196). Dickens also exposes the myth that the working poor are lazy and lack the self-discipline and work ethic needed to become wealthy. Bounder is very much a symbol of the new immoral social class shaped by capitalism, wealth, greed, and self-interest. Dickens symbolizes moral decline in the death and treatment of Stephen Blackball. Stephen Blackball represents all those that are righteous and good. He is caught between the corruption of Bounder and he corruption of the union, and ultimately his death is caused by the immorality of Tom Grandkid. Dickens, like Arnold and Browning, also demonstrates how the immoral tend to be the authority figures in society. Charles Dickens does not focus on religion as the major influence on morality, but rather sees that the immorality of the age is based upon industrialization and the Utilitarian philosophy. We see this in young Tom Grandkid and his emotionally empty sister. The immoral people in Dickenss novel and in Borrowing poems tend to be people in high standing, whether in the church, in the community or in business. Browning talks about members within the church being like frauds, as they do not follow the values they preach. In a sense, Dickenss character, Bounder, is very similar and also does not uphold the values he preaches. Robert Browning, Matthew Arnold and Charles Dickens are different in many respects; however, they share the same concerns about the changes that the industrial age was having on British society. Although their concerns were about different philosophies and ideologies that were popular at the time, their main concern was how the fast paced innovations of industrialization ere changing the moral tone of British society. These authors used symbols, narrations and memorable characters as vehicles in their works to define and explore possibilities for coping with the moral and social crises facing England. The literary works of Charles Dickens, Matthew Arnold and Robert Browning are as relevant today as they were in the Victorian era. In our fast-paced and technology driven era, new advances in technology, medicine, and science make the question of morality more important than ever. Work Cited Anderson, Warren. Arnold and the Classics, in Writers and their Background:

Animal Farm Book Report Essays - British Films, Cold War Films

Animal Farm Book Report Essays - British Films, Cold War Films Animal Farm Book Report Chapter 1(pgs.15-24) In first chapter, the reader is introduced to all of his wonderful animals. Obviously most of the chapter is intended to spark pity and a sense of sympathy for the poor, suffering farm animals, but the old Major's words are very telling. The wise old pig addresses the central conflict of the book, and of Orwell's intended meaning tyranny. The first (and seemingly only) dictatorship the animals must overcome is the rule of Mr. Jones and the other humans. The boar asserts, Man is the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished forever. Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs, he is too weak to pull the plough, he cannot run fast enough to catch rabbits. Yet he is lord of all the animals. The speech, as intended, is very inspiring and encouraging to the tired, troubled farm animals. They even sing the words to old Major's dream five times in succession before Mr. Jones blasts the side of the barn with a shotgun. Unfortunately for the animals, the old Major's naivety is not revealed. The ideal society he proposes is of course only an ideal but the animals don't know this. Perhaps even the old sow himself is too caught up in emotion to understand the complexities of the solution he submits. Old Major does know a few things though. He boldly warns all of them, Your resolution must never falter. No argument must lead you astray. Never listen when they tell you that Man and the animals have a common interest....we must not come to resemble him...No animal must ever live in a house or sleep in a bed, or wear clothes, or drink alcohol, or smoke tobacco, or touch money, or engage in trade. Ironically, Napoleon isn't present to hear the words of this prophet. The future only seems optimistic; even old Major seems content. Little does he know, the foreshadowing of his comments seem almost too obvious to the mindful reader. Toward the end of the section the animals vote on whether wild animals, like rats and rabbits, are going to be considered their friends or foes. They overwhelmingly agree that the rats and rabbits are to be friends, although Orwell doesn't say why. Chapter 2 (pgs.25-34) The second chapter is drenched with metaphors most of which will not come to light until later in the novel. The first is old Major's death. This represents the end to the older regime, the initial revolution. Now someone else will have to step into authority. Secondly Orwell strangely describes a pig named Squealer. The name sounds fairly pig-like but his actions don't. Supposedly Squealer has a special ability to persuade others. Orwell boasts, ...he could turn black into white. Obviously a pig like this could be used by the right people (animals). Next, the author tells us about a peculiar raven named Moses, who is the especial pet of Mr. Jones. All the animals consider him a spy and hate him; they say he tells lies about Sugarcandy Mountain and does no work. Boxer and Clover, two cart horses, are described as the most faithful disciples of Snowball and Napoleon. Although they lack the intelligence of the pigs they serve, the horses can convince other animals to follow the cause using simple arguments. Orwell uses chapter 2 to really make Mr. Jones into a bad guy, although he admits that he was at one time a good master. Mr. Jones' main problem is that he drinks too much and neglects the farm. Even his men are idle and dishonest. Soon the animals are fed up with Jones (pardon the pun) after not being fed for over a day, so they organize and successfully carry out the long- awaited revolt. The animals rename Manor Farm Animal Farm yet agree not to live in the house. Yet some of the elite pigs have already adopted some of Man's ways; Snowball and Napoleon have suddenly taught themselves to read and write, and soon a list of 7 Commandments is written on the tarred

Battling Nerves and Anxiety Over Presentations

Battling Nerves and Anxiety Over Presentations Nearly everyone experiences nervousness when they perform in some way, whether in giving a speech, taking a test, offering a presentation, or teaching a class. Its something everybody deals with. But some people hide their nervousness more than others. Some people simply understand that nervousness is self-perpetuating. Here is an alarming little equation: Signs of Nervousness Leads to Increased Nervousness In other words, one sign of nervousness can cause other symptoms to pop up. To clarify this cruel little formula, just think back to a time when you were speaking in front of a group. If you noticed that your hands were shaking or your voice was cracking, you probably became distracted and unnerved by these signs. They probably embarrassed you and made you even more nervous, which made your heart beat faster. True? Theres good news: This formula also works in reverse. If you can prepare ahead of time to prevent and disguise the normal causes for nervousness, you can avoid a chain reaction of symptoms. Types of Fears That Cause Anxiety The best thing you can do is to over-prepare when youre facing an intimidating situation that makes you nervous. The number one cause for nerves is feeling inadequate about the topic. Fear of Looking Stupid: Whatever your topic may be, from phases of the moon to Internet safety, you must research it thoroughly. If you try to skimp or slide by with a little knowledge, youll start to feel insecureand it will show. Prepare ahead and go way beyond the parameters of your specific topic. Find out all you can about the how and why of things, especially if you will be answering questions about your topic. Fear of Forgetting Information: When giving a speech, its normal to forget details if youre nervous, so you should take steps to avoid this. Make an outline of your topic or make several note cards to use as prompters. Practice with the note cards and re-make them if they confuse you in any way. Make sure you number any note cards so you can keep them in the right order. Fear of Freezing Up: You can avoid the appearance of freezing up during your presentation, discussion, or speech by having props on hand. These can include a drink of water, a notepad, or a visual aid. Anytime you feel like you might go blank, say Excuse me for a moment, and take a drink or pretend to jot something down. This will give you an extra moment to gather your thoughts. Its also a good idea to have one note card prepared that you can go to in a moment of panic. This card could contain a space filler like an anecdotal story that goes along with your topic. If you need to go to this panic card, you could simply say, You know, this reminds me of a story. After you complete your story you can say, Now where was I? and someone will tell you. Types of Symptoms That Increase Anxiety You can reduce some nervous symptoms by scoping out the room where youll be speaking or presenting. Find out if youll be standing still, sitting down, walking around, or using a microphone. Educate yourself as much as possible about your situation. It will give you a greater sense of control. Dry mouth: Prevent dry mouth by carrying a glass of water with you. Also avoid drinking carbonated drinks before you speak, since those tend to dry out your mouth.Shaky, nervous voice: The more you know your topic and the more confident you feel, the less trouble youll have with your voice. If you start to feel short of breath or shaky, just pause to consult your notes or take a sip of water. Breath slowly and give yourself a moment to re-group. It wont look odd to the audience.Rapid heartbeat: Its not a good idea to eat a big meal before an event. The combination of jittery nerves and a full stomach can create a strong heartbeat, which will make you feel short of breath. Instead, eat a small but healthy meal before you speak. More Tips for Battling Nerves Prepare transitional phrases ahead of time to help you flow from one idea to the next. If you dont have a good transition, you might get nervous as you struggle to change from one topic to another.Practice your speech, presentation, or argument out loud and in front of the mirror several times. This will help you fix any awkward segments.If you have a microphone, concentrate solely on it as you speak. This helps you block out the audience.Dont think about underwear. Some people suggest that you imagine your audience wearing underwear. You can do that if you really want to, but it might not prove very helpful. The real idea behind this trick is to think of your audience as ordinary people just like you. They are ordinary, and chances are, theyre all impressed at your courage and very supportive.Move around the room if you have the opportunity. This sometimes helps distract you from the eyes of your audience and it can make you look professional and in control.Start out your presentati on with a great quote or a funny line. For instance, a good line to use as an icebreaker is I just want you all to know that I am not picturing you in your underwear.

Supply Chain Case Problem Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Supply Chain Problem - Case Study Example method, the assumption is that the trend that has been occuring in the past will continue even in the other years to come, that is, the demand patterns that have previously occurred over time will continue to do so (Operations Management: Creating Value along the Supply Chain, 2012). The main focus in this method is Time. Time series methods consist of moving average, linear trend line and exponential smoothing. In this case problem the time series method that would be used for bookstore management is moving average (Operations Management: Creating Value along the Supply Chain, 2012). Therefore, using the historical data provided, the forecast from the excel auto forecast is 592.3186813 units. The moving average method is easy to use and understand though one cannot use it to forecast automatically using excel. The accuracy of moving average is distinct therefore it can be relied upon by organizations for their various operational planning processes . Since there are various forecasting methods, incase one type of the method doesn’t provide precise information, then it is advisable that one tries various forecasting methods until the accurate forecast is obtained . There are other forecast methods that can be used with the historical data for the bookstore management. For instance, linear trend lines and exponential smoothing can also be used since they are popular for short range, somewhat easy to employ and comprehend . It should be noted that when forecasting methods are first initiated to individuals, the lack of forecast preciseness comes as a surprise or disappointment to the individuals (Operations Management: Creating Value along the Supply Chain, 2012). Therefore, with more learning and experience, one is able to know that forecasting is not simple and does not provide precise information though with the increase in knowledge and skill, companies that are able to have more defined forecasts have an added advantage agaist their competitors

Principles and models of corporate governance Essay

Principles and models of corporate governance - Essay Example It is essential for each and every company to comply to this principles and models of corporate governance to establish the roles of management and the board and with the balanced skill, experience and independence on the board. The present paper makes an attempt critically assess the criteria in terms of strengths and weaknesses. Under Principle No 2 of Corporate Governance, 2.1 put forth certain criteria that would assess the capability, skills and experience of the company. Under Principle 2.1 which assesses the functioning of the board, the points excluding 2.1.9 can be regarded as the strengths of the guidebook of corporate governance which is the deciding factor for the corporate governance certificate. All the points under principle 2.1 ask about the boards’ performance, skills, capabilities, roles of the board according to the position of the board members, and other key performance areas. Principle 2.1.9 is not regarded as the weakness but can be considered as the more strongest assessment criteria than the other, as it can expose the weaknesses of the board of directors of the company asking whether they follow the company laws, regulations and also giving the boards the opportunity to mention whether or not they are voluntary capable of achieving high status in corporate governance. Principle No. 2.2 assesses the companies’ role towards the shareholders and their duties. The principles laid down in the guidebook are good enough to assess the role and responsibility of board towards their stakeholders. The principle critically assesses whether the company communicates the information with their shareholder, does it conducts annual general meeting, involvement in election of board of directors, transparency in financial matters, etc. The strengths of the principle 2.2 the sub principle 2.2.2 which evaluates the importance given to the shareholders by the company board members in respect of exercising

Computer aided design package Essay Example for Free

Computer aided design package Essay A company called Engineering ? Us have employed me to find out the cost, benefits and the drawbacks of upgrading from their current method of hand made technical drawing to using an up-to-date Computer Aided Design (CAD) package. This company designs and constructs office furniture to order; because of this work only begins on an item once the exact details of the item have been calculated and have the clients approval. The current method which is used to gather the information that the designers need to make the drawings for the office is to send over a person to measure the location where the item or items of furniture will be located and how they will get the item into the building. After this has happened and the measurements have been given to the designers the designers will draw the blueprints by pen and paper. After they have drawn the design they will send the blueprint via one of the companys employees to the client for him/her to look at and decide if it is what they wanted. If the client decided they liked the design the blueprint would be sent down to the workshop where they would start construction of the design. If the client didnt like the blueprint that the designers had made Engineering ? Us would find out from the client what was incorrect with the blueprints, then the designers would redesign the blueprints with the clients inputs in mind. After this it is shown to the client again to see if it is to their liking. The reason the company is upgrading to a CAD based system from their hand drawn method is that up until now they have only had to make items on a smaller scale with a lot of time allowed for each project. Currently they allow the designer to make the drawings on the A0 paper taking their time which would take a few months, then have it sent to the manufacturing department to be constructed. Now they have managed to negotiate a contract with another company who will require Engineering ? Us to make the items faster, this means that they will need the technical drawings drawn faster so they can construct the items sooner. To allow this to happen they have decided to change from their current system to a computer based system using a CAD package appropriate to their needs. Engineering ? Us is a small company; they have one office and a workshop which are situated in separate places. The office block is where the items are designed and the workshop is where they are constructed using the designs from the office block. To transport the drawings from the office block to the workshop they walk over from the office block to the workshop with them, the reason they do this rather than any other method is that the two locations are very close together. Engineering ? Us has ten people working in the workshop where they are constructing the designs that are made and they have two designers drawing the blueprints in the office. There are also seven people who take blueprints out to clients to make sure that they like the drawing before Engineering ? Us constructs the design. These five people also take orders and measurements of the areas where the clients want the items to be placed and deliver the items to the client using a company van. The company has three supervisors, one is in charge of the technical drawing department, one is in charge of the workshop and one is in charge of the five people who communicate directly with the clients. One manager is in charge of all three of the supervisors and then the director of Engineering ? Us is above him. In total this brings the number of employees working for Engineering ? Us to twenty and two of these twenty employees will be using the system I am to justify. The company has recently won a new contract from a client and now has to construct a lot more furniture over a shorter period of time. For the company to meet these demands they have decided to upgrade their workshop to use a CAM machine that will speed up construction. The CAM machine has already been chosen by the company and the training plus everything else that is required for the CAM machine to operate. Engineering ? Us only require me to analysis the designing part of the company and make this more efficient to keep up with the new contract they have acquired. Engineering ? Us wants me to come up with a system that will run a CAD package that I justify for the company to use. This system will have to output a file format compatible with the CAM machine so that they integrate with each other easily. The contract will provide the company with i 60,000 at the end of the year once all of the items have been constructed and delivered to the client. This will be paid in instalments at the end of each month of i5,000. This contract will also be renewed with the client providing that Engineering ? Us can adequately provide the items they required within the allotted time frame. The system that I have been asked to come up with will have two users; these two users are currently working with Engineering ? Us and they will need to be trained in using the new system as they have not had any training or experience with any CAD application. They also need to have the capability to back up their drawings daily so that if something did happen to their hard drive they wouldnt have lost everything. They also want all three computers linked up to their own network separate to any others that the company already have. It also needs to be connected to the internet so they can download updates for their CAD package as updates become available over the internet. The company has given me a budget of i 15,000 to come up with a costing to make or to buy two PCs capable of running a CAD package that I justify and anything else that is needed to run this application. With this budget I will also need to buy an A0 plotter, two graphics tablets, networking equipment and training for the employees on using the CAD package. P2 The company currently has two computers in their office block; these computers are very old and are only used for word processing for administration tasks. The current specification of their computers is shown in the table below: Component Specification Processor Intel Pentium 166 MHz (Random Access Memory) RAM 30MB Optical drive CD-ROM x8 speed Hard drive 9GB Modem 56K The computers they currently have cant be upgraded to use any of the new CAD packages because everything in the current computers would all need to be replaced to make it compatible with any new CAD packages. This would effectively mean making a new computer rather than upgrading it, so just constructing a new computer would be a more cost effective way of proceeding. For that reason it would be better to keep these computers for administration purposes they are currently being used for, this would allow the company to still use them and not have to throw them away as they do their current task perfectly. DeltaCAD, MiniCAD, TurboCAD and AutoCAD are four different CAD packages that I have found that could do the job required by Engineering ? Us. The reason I have chosen these four is because the CAM machine in the workshop will only accept . DWG files for reading and if the CAD package didnt output . DWG files it would not be able to integrate with the CAM machine. These files must be contained on a floppy disk as the CAM machine has only a floppy drive input and then it will read the data from it and construct to the specified design. I have chosen to further investigate three separate CAD packages out of the ones listed above; these three are DeltaCAD, TurboCAD and AutoCAD. The reason I have decided to investigate these further is that DeltaCAD is the cheapest, TurboCAD is the mid range and AutoCAD is the most expensive out of the packages. Using these three will give me a wide band of different costs for the different CAD applications which will allow me to come up with cheap systems, mid ranged and expensive an system for the company. This will help me not only stick to the budget I have been allocated but may also save the company money depending on the over all costs of the CAD package that is used. After finding out more on DeltaCAD, TurboCAD and AutoCAD I have found out that the latest versions of these three CAD packages are DeltaCAD 5. 0, TurboCAD 10 and AutoCAD 2005. DeltaCAD is made by a company called Midnight Software, TurboCAD is made by a company called IMSI and AutoCAD is made by a company called Autodesk, both IMSI and AutoCAD sell other products that are like CAD, but they will not be suitable for the tasks that Engineering ? Us require of it. Upon further investigation I have discovered one problem with TurboCAD that DeltaCAD and AutoCAD dont have is that the CAM machine might not read the files it outputs perfectly. TurboCAD 10 outputs a different type of file but they state that this type of file is perfectly compatible with any CAM machine that reads . DWG files. Although they say this I think that from past experiences there could be problems from time to time with this type of file on Engineering ? Uss CAM machine, when these problems arise it will slow the construction process down. P3/M2 I will have to either buy a new PC from a store or make the computers myself; whichever approach is adopted the hardware that will have to be in the machine will be the same and is listed below: Motherboard which will support all other hardware required for the computer   Video card to output a display on the monitor for the user to see what they are doing   CD-ROM drive to install the software applications which will be needed for the task the company requires of it   Floppy Drive to move the . DWG files to the CAM machine in the workshop to construct the items, this can also be very useful for fixing a broken computer or to help analyse its fault   Case for all of the components that will make up the computer to go into. RAM for the computer to open up applications and to keep data that is being used at the present times Hard drive to install the software applications on and store the CAD files created   Keyboard for the users to enter in alphanumeric data and other characters   Mouse or other pointing device for the user to move the curser on the screen   Processor to be able to process all of the data that needs to be processed   Processor heat sink to take heat off of the processor and disperse it into the air. Fans to keep the components inside the computer cool enough to work correctly, e. g. processor fan, case fans and video card fan   DVD/CD reader rewriter drive to back up the drawings that they produce during the day   Monitor for the user to view what they are doing while using the computer Other hardware that will be needed that is not part of the computer and is not needed to get the computer working, but will be required by the company to enable it to do all the work required is the A0 plotter and graphics tablets. An A0 sized plotter will be used to print off the CAD drawings on A0 paper and used to show the blueprints to the clients, they then decide if they like it or not from these blueprints. The reason that they will need to be printed out on A0 size paper is because due to the size of the items they are designing and the amount of information that needs to be shown to the clients it can only be easily displayed on an A0 sized piece of paper. One advantage of the system for the plotters is that there would only need to be one cheap plotter that prints off the drawings in low quality.

The Panama Canal :: essays research papers

The Panama Canal was one of the greatest triumphs and tragedies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The tragedy was that the French were just simply too far ahead of technology, at that time, to complete or even get farther than the very beginning of the Panama Canal. The Americans took over the project after President Theodore Roosevelt's pushing of the Panamanian Revolution. After the Revolution the Americans took control of the canal and continued to build the canal to what it is today. The Panama Canal is one of the largest canals in the world. It consists of three dams, the Gatun, Pedro Miguel, and Mira Flores. Despite the limit in ship size the canal is still one of the highest traveled waterways in the world. The Panama Canal was constructed in two stages. The first between 1881 and 1888, was carried out by the French company headed by De Lessop. Second, was the work by the Americans who eventually completed the canals construction between 1904 and 1914. (Cameron 79)The contract for the canals construction was signed on March 12, 1881, and it was agreed the work would be carried out for 512 million French francs. Midway through the building of the canal, in 1885, the French company started to run into financial difficulties and even applied to the French government to issue lottery bonds. Rumors of these difficulties caused increased interest within the American government. The abandonment of the scheme at this stage would cause financial ruin for all the investors and a severe blow to the French. It was suggested that the original plan be modified and the lock system should be employed. Eventually, in 1899, France’s attempt at constructing the Panama Canal was seen to be a failure . However, they had excavated a total of 59.75 million cubic meters, which included 14.255 million cubic meters from the Culebra Cut. (Barret 63) This lowered the peak by 102 meters. The value of work completed by the French was about $25 million. When the French departed, they left behind a considerable amount of machinery, housing and a hospital. The reasons behind the French failing to complete the project were due to disease carrying mosquitoes and the inadequacy of their machinery. The construction of the canal was recommenced by the Americans in 1904. The first step on the agenda was to improve the standard of living and ensure ill health would be a thing of the past.

Managing Individual Performance

It’s crucial for the manager to make right decisions about the members of his team. The organization can be very successful only in the case of well-balanced personnel, and it’s the manager’s responsibility to employ the right people for the positions. Even when all the technical resources in the company are at the highest level, the skills of employees appear to be the most important key to the organization’s success. It’s a well-known fact that â€Å"†¦everyone wants to feel that they are on a winning team, that the company is moving ahead, and that they are an integral part of the group.† (3)Therefore, it’s necessary for the manager to take employment of personnel very seriously. First of all, the manager needs to make sure he knows all the major objectives which the company sets in front of itself. Without the deep understanding of the organization’s goals, it’s impossible to employ people to achieve those goals. As soon as the goals are determined, it’s necessary for the manager to do his best to find people whose education, general background, and personality will fit the best into the positions available. There is no general criterion for choosing the members of the team because the decision of the manager depends on the goals which he sets for his team.The manager has to analyze the profiles of the potential employees very carefully in order to get a full idea about them. The major criterion is ensuring that every employee in the team will have a position which answers both his expectations and expectations of the company. The goals of the organization will be achieved only in the case when the manager makes right decisions about the choice of employees and the responsibilities which each of them can fulfill the best. However, the task gets more complicated because â€Å"building the winning team requires more than just hiring a bunch of talented people.It means hiring people wh o will work well together. It means developing a shared vision and commitment. It means physically bringing people together in formal group meetings for open discussion of broad-based issues. It means encouraging positive, informal interactions between group members. It means instilling a â€Å"winning† attitude throughout the organization. It means watching for and quickly trying to reverse team-building problems such as jealousy, cynicism, and defensive behavior.† (3)In the simulation I chose the following employees into the team: Tony Wu for the position of building case files; Lisa Stafford to moderate self-help groups, Nicola Minelli for performing follow-ups, and finally Daniel Nichols to supervise confrontation sessions. Out of all the employees whom I selected Daniel Nichols has the most experience, he also has an MBA which puts him one step ahead of everybody else who only have bachelor’s degrees.That is why he gets a very complicated task of supervising confrontation sessions. In order to keep Daniel Nichols motivated, he needs to have an important position, so I chose one for him with the most responsibility. Tony Wu is a good professional, and he cannot fulfill the functions on a very important position just yet because he has never worked as a manager. He is not very ambitious as the profile shows, so he is much better on the position when he has to exercise duties like building case files. Tony Wu has a very important feature of character- accuracy, and this feature is very useful in the position which I have offered to him. For Tony Wu, it’s better to work with documents and build case files because when he has to make important decisions, he might fail them due to his mild character.Lisa Stafford necessarily has to be on my team due to her success-orientation. She is not the type of employee who will sit in the shadow of somebody else during her whole life. She wants to fight for success, and she is very ambitious. He r future is pre-destined by her character, and she will be in the manager’s chair shortly. For the moment, she doesn’t have enough experience to be a manager or supervisor, so the best suitable position for her is moderating self-help groups.However, I as a manager realize that it’s very important to motivate Liza in every possible way because she expects to have the most important chores, and wants to show herself from the best possible side. Out of the last 3 potential employees I have chosen Nichola Minelli. She had almost equal chances with other 2 candidates but I preferred her to them for a couple of reasons. The position which remains vacant is performing follow-ups. I had 3 alternatives for the position: Nicola Minelli, John Connor, and Michelle Levy.The negative side of Michelle Levy is that she is a pessimist. This quality is absolutely inapplicable for the team which we are forming, considering the goals of our organization. John Connor is a very expe rienced worker but I prefer to include younger members in the team who have a high potential. They have a much better performance due to their expectations of future promotion. Nicola Minelli possesses a very important quality which makes her a perfect candidate for the position is that she has good analytical skills.In order to manage the created team effectively, I had to consider many factors. First of all, the ways to motivate every one in the team. Every employee has his own interests and needs, and in order to choose the right strategy of motivation, I needed to study their profiles carefully. Whenever I felt that one member of the team was growing uninterested towards the functions which he was fulfilling, I had to apply different forms of motivation for him. I also needed to check all the time what new responsibilities I can give to the members of the team if I saw they were ready for that.I as well had to consider the way the members of the team interact with each other bec ause a team works successfully only in case when the communication among members is on the highest level. An individual’s personality plays a crucial role in the success of my team as I have discovered. Every person in the team is a part of it. The system can work efficiently only in the case when every part of it works efficiently. If I employ a person for some position whose personality doesn’t answer the responsibilities which he will have to bear, he will not be able to fulfill his duties at the required level.If one of the members stops performing at his required level, it immediately has a deep effect on the work of the whole system because every member is dependent on each other. Another influence on the member’s personality is communication with other members of the team. Individuals employed in one team need to be as compatible as possible by their characters in order to bring success to the organization.â€Å"The 126 item Myers-Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI), Form G, provides data on four sets of preferences. These preferences result in 16 learning styles, or types. A type is the combination of the four preferences.† (8) E (extroversion) versus I (introversion) tells about how people â€Å"change their batteries†. Extroverts find all of the support in the outside world, as well as see the outside world as the reason of their failures, if they occur. Such employees are better on important positions because they are very action-oriented.Introverts are more concerned about their inner world of ideas, so they are better at exercising tasks given to them by other people. N (intuition) versus S (sensing) tells about a person’s preference in relying on and making decisions. Some people prefer to rely on their intuition, others on sensing. For my team, I chose 2 members who have intuition preference (men) and 2 members who have sensing preference (women). This creates a good balance. T (thinking) versus F (feeling) tel ls whether a person trusts to his mind more, or to his feelings. People who prefer feeling make decisions according to what their heart says to them.Others are guided by their rational mind. I have also used the same proportion of team members with this preference because this proportion can help employees have right decisions. P (perception) versus J (judgement) describes the way people act in their lives. Perceptive people make spontaneous decisions, and can do things at once when they think of them. Judging people weight their actions first, and provide the analysis of the situation. Perceptive people are more preferable for positions in teams because they make decisions very quickly.Maslow’s hierarchy of needs can be described as the following:1) Physiological: hunger, thirst, bodily comforts, etc.;2) Safety/security: out of danger;3) Belonginess and Love: affiliate with others, be accepted; and4) Esteem: to achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition. (7)The hie rarchy of needs effects motivation in such a way that every employee has his needs. One employee only needs his 2 basic needs to be satisfied (psychological and safety). Others will not be satisfied unless they are accepted by others and gain recognition. In order to motivate every employee, you need to know about his needs.You as a manger need to focus on his need satisfaction as the key to motivating him. It’s important to select such team members whose needs are relatively high because they will perform at a very high level in order to achieve the goals which they set for themselves. In the team which I selected, Lisa Stafford and Daniel Nichols are the most competitive, and their needs are definitely on the highest level- of esteem.In order to motivate them, I have to give them the most challenging tasks which will let them show how smart they are and be recognized by everybody. Tony Wu and Nicola Minelli don’t have such high ambitions, and their needs stop at the level of belonginess and love. In order to motivate them, I don’t need to give them high responsibilities for them to be recognized by management. They need to have tasks which from their point of view will bring use to the society and the company.My team selections worked perfectly, exactly like I expected. At the end, I got 100% of performance which is the highest result. I chose all the members of the team in the most efficient way, and placed them on the right positions, and motivated their activity during years in such a way that they performed at their maximum of abilities. The factors which I selected for motivating my team include:reminding them about the importance of the mission for which they are working. Whenever employees felt pessimistic about their work (for example Tony Wu and Nicola Minelli), I made sure he realized how important his work was for the society.giving them an opportunity to show their skills. It was important for Daniel Nichols and Lisa Stafford to show their intellect through difficult assignments they had.giving high responsibilities to the team members who are very ambitious. I needed to motivate Daniel Nichols and Lisa Stafford to keep high interest in the work they were doing.giving recognition to the members who are performing the best. Every member of the team needed recognition for the important work he was doing.promising possibilities of promotion to members who work the hardest. Lisa Stafford and Daniel Nichols need to be promoted soon in order to keep the level of their performance equally high, so I needed to talk about future opportunities with them.Since I chose the best possible team during the first run of the simulation and got 100% performance at the end, all of my later runs of the program didn’t make the result better because my first choice was completely accurate. This lesson learned in the workplace is very useful because it helps us to develop our skills as future managers. When managing rea l teams at companies, we’ll be able to apply everything learned in practice and achieve equally high results which will lead to the success in the organization.Bibliography. Franken, R. (2001). Human motivation (5th ed.).. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Managing People: Motivation Building the Winning Team // www.businesstown.com Maslow, A. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396. Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper Nohria, N., Lawrence, P., & Wilson, E. (2001). Driven: How human nature shapes our choices. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. William G. Huitt. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. February 2004. www.gsu.edu

Producing a modern version of the play Essay

What difficulties have you experienced in producing a modern version of the play and how have you gone about solving these? A Midsummer Night’s dream looks at many themes and issues surrounding love and magic. The play looks into love, relationships, magic and how men and women treat each other. The play starts off with two minor characters in the play that appear at the beginning and at the end, Duke Theseus of Athens and Hippolyta the Queen of the Amazon’s discussing their forthcoming wedding. This part of the play creates images of weddings and romances. Recurrent images throughout the play appear here the moon, heaven and fate. There is a romantic tone and the language is also romantic as the Duke says ‘she lingers my desires’. The theme is love. Egeus, Hermia’s father enters angry with his daughter, and Lysander whom she is in love with. Egeus tries to threaten Hermia into marrying Demetrius. This is whom Egeus would like his daughter to be with, as he believes Demetrius can do no wrong and would care for Hermia unconditionally. Hermia is then given an ultimatum; she either marries Demetrius or dies. The language is full of hatred and ‘full of vexation come I’. This gives imagery of fantasies. The theme is of stolen love and fantasy. The tone of the actors is harsh and changes toward the end when Egeus says ‘†¦ stubborn harshness. And, my gracious Duke†¦ ‘. Hermia loves Lysander with all her heart. She doesn’t want to marry Demetrius and she certainly does not want to die, so the love-struck couple decide to escape and run away to the woods to be wed. Hermia sticks up for Lysander and says he is a worthy gentleman. The topic is that Hermia would die for Lysander; she doesn’t desire Demetrius. The language is full of anti-Demetrius, and the tone is occupied with sadness. Once again there are recurrent images of the moon, suggesting fate will deal its own hand this occurs when ‘†¦ on Diana’s altar†¦ ‘ is mentioned. Goddess of chasity and moon means this. Just as the two young lovers head towards the wood they meet Helena. Helena is a good friend of Hermia. She loves Demetrius, and is very jealous of Hermia’s beauty, for she is whom Demetrius loves. They tell Helena of their plans to elope. She then tells Demetrius to get on the good side of him (because he loves Hermia). The language in this area of the play is full of jealousy, and has a bitter tone. Hermia greets Helena with ‘God speed, fair Helena! Whither away? ‘ and she replies in a very cold and resentful tone saying ‘Call me fair? †¦ Demetrius loves your fair’. We then meet the actors, also known as the mechanicals that are going to perform an act at Duke Theseus and Hippolyta’s wedding. We find out they are not the cleverest of people. One actor who is called Nick Bottom is introduced to us and his occupation is a weaver. We discover he is greedy and wants to take over everyone’s parts in the play. Bottom uses rhyme and rhythm when he speaks reciting poem. A Midsummer Night’s dream is about two worlds, earth and the fairy world. In the fairy world we meet a fairy, servant to Titania and Puck (Robin Goodfellow), Oberon’s lieutenant. We learn of Puck’s mischievous behaviour. The fairy introduces us to Puck with such rhyme and rhythm creating calmness, ironic to Puck’s character. Oberon and Titania are king and queen of the fairy world. Together they are parents to an Indian child servant. However, the two argue about whom the child is to stay with. We gain knowledge of who loves whom in the real world. Titania blames Oberon for the natural disasters in the real world. Titania suggests that the result of the quarrel causes strong gusts of wind, stormy sea, fog, loss of crop, floods, frosts etc. She also says that they have caused ‘murrion’, murrain is a fatal disease in sheep caused by wetness. In today’s society we can relate to this as we have experienced the terrible foot and mouth disease spread around the whole countryside. However, we cannot relate to the natural disasters as a result of quarrelling as these are occurrences which no one human being has force and control over. Due to the argument between the king and the queen of the fairy world Oberon decides to take revenge over Titania. He remembers of a flower, which contains a potion. The potion will make a living being fall in love with the first living thing they see. You can convey the magic of the flower with an anti-drugs to appeal to today’s society. Helena and Demetrius enter the wood. Helena tells Demetrius how she feels, but he doesn’t feel the same way. She is determined to win over his heart, and whatever Demetrius says and does, despite the nature of it, Helena falls more deeply in love with him. Helena keeps on following Demetrius, she throws herself at him at every opportunity she has and she doesn’t like to not see him. Demetrius’ tone of voice is hostile and his language is full of hatred. Images created are of hate. Demetrius says ‘ Tempt not too much the hatred of my spirit; for I am sick when I do look at thee’. Images of hell are also present. Oberon listens into the conversation between the pair, and he decides to side with Helena. He decides to help Helena out, as he feels she deserves someone to treat her fairly, and someone that will make her very happy. He tells Puck to drop some of the potion from the magical flower into Demetrius’ eyes. Whilst Titania is sleeping Oberon put the magical drops into her eyes. Mean while Lysander and Hermia enter the woods and fall asleep. Puck saw Lysander in the woods, confused, he put the drops into his eyes. Helena then goes deeper into the woods after losing track of Demetrius. She sees Lysander on the floor. He is still and very pale, and Helena thinks he is dead. She begins to shake him and he awakes. Lysander looks into Helena’s eyes and he falls instantly in love with her; he does not love Hermia any more, thanks to the magical flower. Lysander follows Helena leaving Hermia alone; he tries to convince her of his undying love. As Hermia is left alone asleep she has a terrible nightmare. She has a nightmare of a serpent eating her heart. The images create a vision of hell. Hermia wakes to find Lysander is not there, she is scared and very worried. The actors try to find a ‘convenient place’ for their rehearsal. They discover the wood is the perfect position to practice. The actors continuously seek to find fault with the play. They suggest that the killing of Pyramus could not be shown because it would scare the women watching. They also recommended that they could not have the part of a lion roaring as the audience would be afraid. After the trouble getting the play started, they began. Puck enters on scene; he is unseen and unheard. He thinks to himself what do we have here? Puck’s character is portrayed as a mischievous character; this shows when he plants an ass’s head on Bottom’s head. The mechanicals create humour with word play, and also there are many misunderstandings. The actors do not know what impact they are having on the audience, as they are not supposed to be comedic. However they are and don’t know which adds humour to the language and imagery. Bottom is puzzled as the actors surrounding him run away from him calling him names whilst being afraid. This is very ironic. He wonders around singing and whistling to himself. Titania awakes and when she notices Bottom she instantly falls in love with him. She instructs her fairies to tend to his every need. Imagery and themes of slavery are presented here. Puck explains to Oberon about his incident with Bottom and he agrees it was better than he could have devised. The duo watch Hermia and Demetrius in an argumentative conversation. Hermia believes Demetrius has hidden Lysander from her, so he can have her for himself; this is far from the truth. Demetrius tried to justify himself, but Hermia would have none of it. He eventually gave in, lied on the floor and fell asleep. Oberon realises Puck has made a mistake with the magical flower. We are then with Lysander and Helena, and Lysander is still trying to convince Helena of his love for her. Demetrius wakes to find Helena, and once again the magic begins, he loves Helena. Helena thinks the two men are lying to her, trying to mock her. She thinks everyone is in on the supposed plot, including Hermia whom now enters dazed and confused. This suggests the theme and idea of love is confusing.

Throw Away The Clich Essay Example

Throw Away The Clich Essay Example Throw Away The Clich Essay Throw Away The Clich Essay Essay Topic: A Long Way Gone Have we as a society come to expect perfection and beauty at every level of our lives? Are these expectations reinforced by the media? Some recently released films have taken a significant step away from this clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Kate Barnett investigates These days, society is bombarded by images of perfection. Whether it be images of flawless bodies, idealistic friends, or perfect families, these images inundate our television sets, our magazines, and especially our movie screens. Images of perfection on the big screen are increasingly evident lately, providing us with unrealistic images of the clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d family the perfect father, mother, son and daughter and, of course, the white picket fence. It is very refreshing, and rare, to see films that step away from the unrealistic clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and show families that we ourselves are part of. They have everyday problems and are often messy, chaotic, and unsolved. Films such as Looking for Alibrandi (2000), Stepmom (1998) and Where the Heart Is (2000) have been released recently, and it really is a pleasure to see them portray life as we see it. Each one deals with real issues, and real problems, ranging from disease, to ethnicity, to teenage pregnancy. These films take an admirable step away from the clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and show us families that we can relate to. Looking For Alibrandi, directed by Kate Woods, takes a captivating approach to dealing with real issues. The movie confronts issues such as struggle for identity, teenage suicide, and ethnicity. These issues are something a teenager may face during their life. The film introduces the audience to Josie Alibrandi (Pia Miranda) and her family. Josie, just like a normal teenager is struggling with her identity. She is of Italian background and apparently feels she doesnt she fit in. Josie and her friend, Jacob As the movie progresses, Josie deals with several obstacles in her life. One of the main issues is the appearance of her father (Anthony LePaglia), whom she had never met. Josie is also confronted with the suicide of her friend John Barton (Matthew Newton), a boy who she secretly loved, envied and admired. Also, Josie is held back by the famous Alibrandi Curse, a belief developed by Josies Nonna (Elena Cotta) to explain the families bad luck. Even though the main character is a girl, I really related to the kinds of things she was going through Anthony LePaglia. Looking for Alibrandi incorporates certain camera techniques suitable for the scene. For instance, when Josie is faced with her long lost father, the director uses mid shots and close ups to allow the viewer to focus on the characters expressions. Also, when Josie throws the torn note from John into the wind, the camera pans out, following the flight of the paper. This adds to the sincerity and emphasises Josies acceptance of Johns death, that shes finally letting him go, and that John is finally free. The film incorporates music that reflects her Italian heritage. Classic songs are played predominantly at family gatherings, and play an essential part in the movie, highlighting their culture. For instance, at the start of the movie, they play a cultural song. Josie is troubled by the music, and she attempts to turn on her modern rock music. This emphasises her dislike of her culture. At the end of the movie, she does the opposite; she is the one turning on the Italian music and this emphasises her acceptance of her identity. Stepmom, directed by Chris Columbus, also provides viewers with more issues that we ourselves can relate to. The movie deals with issues such as divorce, cancer, and remarriage; three issues that are very common in todays society. This film is a drama, and my goal was to keep everything as real as possible. Says director, Chris Columbus. Similar to Looking for Alibrandi, Stepmom starts with an establishment of characters, introducing us to the stepmother, Isabel (Julia Roberts), and her stepchildren, Anna (Jena Malone) and Ben (Liam Aiken). The children, and especially their mother Jackie (Susan Sarandon), resent Isabel and are bitter about her intrusion on the family. When Jackies cancer reappears, and she must undertake Chemotherapy, she eventually realises that she must allow Isabel to mother her children when she is no longer around for them, and she accepts Isabel as part of the family. Jackie and Isabel In the chilling scene where Jackie is told she has cancer, the producer skilfully uses a circular pan around her. This signifies the confusion and shock that Jackie is feeling in this moment, and allows the viewer to feel the same confusion as she does. Also, when Jackie and Ben are talking at the end of the movie, there is a side view of them both. This shows that there is little space between the two, indicating that there is closeness, and love between them. This closeness and love between her and her children is not only emphasised by camera techniques, but also through the movies soundtrack. For instance, the song Aint No Mountain High Enough is played on three instances and depicts, through the lyrics, that there isnt anything that will separate the children from their mother. Where the Heart Is, directed by Matt Williams, again deals with issues that society can relate to. The movie is a roller coaster ride from beginning to end, and deals with a large number of issues ranging from teenage pregnancy, to death, to marriage. Unlike the former two movies, Where the Heart Is does not start with the introduction of characters. Rather, it starts at a very strange position, and the viewers must piece the story together for themselves. The movie starts with a young pregnant woman, whos left at a Wal-Mart by her selfish boyfriend and is forced to live by herself with only $5.55 in her pocket. Alone, she is forced to live in the Wal-Mart and eventually gives birth to her baby in the store, with a little help from the local Librarian. She moves in with a couple that, at first, mistook her for a friend. As the story develops, Novalee (Natalie Portman) deals with many issues, such as the death of her friend, falling in love with the man who saved her and her babies life, and supporting a friend in need of a home. Although this scenario is obscure, the reality of teenage pregnancy, death, and love are issues society has to deal with. For the first half of the film, the camera uses mid shots and long shots so the viewer can clearly see that Novalee is still pregnant. After she has given birth, the director focuses more on mid shots and close ups, techniques incorporated in the previous two movies. Novalee, standing outside Wal-Mart When Novalee finds out her boyfriend has left her, the camera pans around her to signifies the shock she is feeling, which is a technique also used in Stepmom. Looking for Alibrandi, Stepmom and Where the Heart Is have set a good example over the past few years as they attempt to present issues that we can relate to. As can be seen in the three movies, there is no perfect ending no miracle cure for cancer, no magical potion that can make you fit in, no mystical spell that can stop loved ones from leaving just the harsh reality of life. And so, these movies take a significant step away from the clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, and show us what we ourselves are subjected to. The majority of people these days have gone through the pain of death, disease, and ethnical differences, the joys of birth, and the joy of marriage. These issues are so apparent in society; it really is great to see movies throw away the clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.

11 High Paying Jobs That Dont Require a College Degree

11 High Paying Jobs That Dont Require a College Degree we don’t all have the luxury of going straight to college or university after high school. but if you can’t (or shouldn’t, for personal reasons) go to college right away, you don’t have to settle for low-paying work. here are 11 high-paying  jobs that don’t require a college degree.real estate brokeryou will need to acquire a license, but you can apply for your first position with just a high school diploma. you may have to log a lot of evening, weekend, and holiday hours to start, and you might not generate income for a while. but when you get your stride, you can make over $180k per year. it’s a competitive field, and the low range of the salary field is just over $30k per year. but if you have the talent, luck, and dedication, you could thrive.air traffic controllerbecause the job is incredibly stressful and the stakes (and responsibilities) are high, this is a very high paying position. an average of just under $159k annually. thereâ₠¬â„¢s a lot of pre-employment screening to get through, but it pays handsomely.small business ownerif you have the capacity to start your own business, and the wherewithal to get through the difficult early stages (and, importantly, you have a valuable product or service to offer the market), this could be a good option for you. set your own hours, write off many expenses on your taxes, and make as much as you possibly can. the sky’s the limit.fire chiefyou’ll have to work your way through the ranks of this challenging and physically demanding career, but if you’re comfortable with high risk and lots of time away from home, then you could succeed in scaling the ladder to be chief. the salary range is approximately $42k to $119k per year.construction managerif you like working construction, you don’t have to worry about switching careers to something better. construction companies often promote from within. if you truly like the work, you could consider st icking it out and working your way up the ranks to management. expect to make anywhere from $41k to $131k per year.plumberlearn this trade through apprenticeships or technical school. it’s super high demand, and salaries can soar to over six figures very quickly.network/it manageras long as you’re up on the latest technology and talented with gadgets, networks, and computers, you can excel in this field. it’s stable work with good benefits and salaries ranging from $53k to $125k per year.hotel executive chefobviously, you’ll have to start at the bottom and work your way up. you’ll have to deal with impossibly long and grueling hours. but if you have the passion and the talent and can get to the executive level, you can easily make six figures.radiation therapistyou’ll need a two-year associate’s degree or a certificate in radiation therapy, but not a traditional four-year degree. you can make as much as $116 per year.court reporterif you can transcribe 250 words per minute, and spell, and have absolute and precise attention to detail, then you can make anywhere between $29k and $104k. you’ll have to take some training classes in transcription, as well as pass some stringent background checks, but it could well be worth it.pilotif all of these jobs sound good, but just not glamorous enough for you (and you have perfect eyesight), then you might consider becoming a pilot. the average salary is $110k per year, but many pilots, depending on their training, experience, and license, can make over twice that.if you’re willing to work hard and dedicate yourself to excellence in your chosen career, then you can easily make six figures without a traditional degree.

Discuss the role of the nurse in the decision-making process when Essay

Discuss the role of the nurse in the decision-making process when caring for patients with complex needs - Essay Example The needs of the patient shall be outlined below. The physical endurance of patients with congestive heart failure is lower as compared to normal patients. Consequently, their emotional and physiological concerns cause major changes in the quality of their lives. These patients often perceive the quality of their lives based on their health status and limitations in self-care. They also see programs which focus on patient education and disease management as programs which can help improve the quality of their life and decrease hospital readmission rates (Chelho, et.al., 2005, p. 1). Congestive heart failure is a disease which reduces the patients’ ability to care for themselves mostly because of weakness caused by their weaker cardiac and respiratory systems (Hosenpud and Greenburg, 2007, p. 3). It afflicts many patients past the age of 70 and most of them are often readmitted to hospitals because of poor disease management (Hosenpud and Greenburg, 2007, p. 4). ... 111). There are various models which focus on different aspects of the patient’s health. For this patient, Lydia Hall’s Care, Cure, and Core Model shall be used as an assessment and care model. Lydia Hall’s model specifies that patients have basically three needs – the physical, the medical, and the social needs (McCoy, 2011). By fulfilling these needs, chronically ill patients can be adequately cared for. This model can be used in order to assist with patient education, management of maintenance medications, and delivery of physical and emotional support. Through medication management and provision of social support, patient hospitalization can be reduced; the patient’s ability to self-manage his disease can be ensured; exacerbations can be prevented; and hospital readmissions can be reduced (Quaglietti, et.al., 2000, p. 259). Lydia Hall’s model provides a framework for open communication between patients and nurses and it has three interrel ated elements which refer to medical and clinical management of patients. The care circle of the Hall’s model emphasizes on the intimate care provided by the nurses to the patients – in terms of assistance during bathing, dressing, and in the conduct of their daily activities (Tuohy and Birnbach, 2001, p. 135). In caring for the CHF and the breast cancer patients, the care model of Hall’s framework refers to the hands-on care provided by the nurses to the patients. This care includes the process of providing a relaxing environment for the patients, especially one which encourages open communication and trust between nurses and patients. Through open communication, the patients

The 3 A's of Awesome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The 3 A's of Awesome - Essay Example An awesome life is considered to be one that contains three key aspects, that each person must seek to have if at all life is to be as enjoyable as the speaker, Neil Pasricha, terms it to be. An enjoyable life is one that focuses on attitude, awareness and authenticity as the central to come up with an awesome life. Attitude, being the first point on which the speaker supports his thesis states that with the right attitude, one can do anything. The key part is that â€Å"we are all gonna get lumps, and we are all gonna get bumps†, and from this, the outlook that one has on life depends on the attitude that he or she applies to the situation (Pasricha). This is because the future is highly unpredictable with only one predictable aspect, which is largely the fact that the future rarely goes as per our plans if at all it does. This is all factual and life is largely unpredictable meaning that whatever one decides to do, the perception to life and the situation as a whole is suppo sed to dictate how life proceeds or rather recedes in quality.

Features of population genetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Features of population genetics - Essay Example Consequently, the species is more likely to become extinct if environmental conditions change, even minimally. One such virus that can induce genetic changes is the West Nile virus (WNv), and it has the capacity to change the genetic sequencing of animal species, predominantly birds. WNv can be passed to humans and other mammals via mosquitoes and causes mild to severe illness, and in some cases death. The investigators presented data that supported a phylogenetic conclusion that the MNv epidemic of North America already reached an epidemiological plateau. The conclusion that peak prevalence has been passed was based on the decline in the population growth of WNv in recent months. Snapinn et al.'s method of trying to quantify the emergence of MNv in the USA contrasts with that of previous research, such as Hull et al. (2006) and Naugle et al. (2004) who observed antibody rates of birds to identify the prevalence of WNv infection. The results for Hull's study showed that antibodies to WNv were found across all raptor groups across two geographical regions. This supports the conclusion that many of the wild raptors had survived a WNv infection. In contrast, Naugle and colleagues observed that their sage-grouse sample did not exhibit WNv antibodies, suggesting that the species lacks resistance to infection. For both studies it appears that the summer months are times of increased infections, perhaps due to the increase in mosquito populations. These conclusions were drawn from evidence of statically different antibody rates across summer and winter regions used in each sample. Method Statistical methods were used to track the WNv population, estimating a set of parameters; rate of evolutionary change; sequences divergence time; and rate of viral population growth. These factors were based on the changes observed in gene sequence data. This method of modeling estimates the level of new infections across all species that can be host to WNv. This is a reasonable conclusion given that a virus leaves an epidemiological 'history' on gene sequences.The limitation of this study was that the statistical estimates used a viral sample from only one species - birds (corvids and raptors), and from only one geographical region - northeastern USA. It may be that species differences affect the lifespan of the virus, and that such a narrow geographical sample does not reflect random sampling of the entire population (which exists across the entire nation), and so is not representative. There may be confounding variables such as climate, pesticides, food availability or predators that impact on the health of the birds in this region that make them more resistant to MNv. Such a case would be of interest in developing a vaccine to the virus, but does not illuminate the true state of affairs with regard to the population growth, stagnation or decrease of MNv.Hull's study drew plasma specimens from Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), Red-shouldered Hawks (B. lineatus), and Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) was Whilst Naugle and colleagues collected the serum of 112 radio-marked sage grouse (Centrocercus