Social Communication in Nation Building

The basis of nationality is the sense of belonging to the same nation and the desire on the part of its members to live with each other at this level of community. When the political scientist wants to de fine or locate this subjective sense of community, he has used such objective criteria as common language, common history, common territory, and so forth. It is clear that ail these criteria are an expression of something more basic—shared experience.This shared experience, which may lead to the necessary mutual trust among members of a given society and to the feeling that this group as a group is different from others, contributes continuously to national unity. National unity likewise makes shared experience more possible. To determine the human and geographie frontiers of a nation the political scientist must find ways to examine this shared experience.The problems in the Tiers Monde are greater with regard to such research than they are in Europe because much of the nece ssary data are not available. Research at very basic levels with some new methods is necessary. Karl W. Deutsch, professor of political science at Yale University, has proposed a quantitative interdisciplinary way to examine shared experience and, indirectly, the sense of community. 1 He suggests that one measure the quantities of communications among a given people to find out how much contact they have.For this one must use criteria such as flows of letters, telegrams, movement of vehicles, trains, planes, telephone calls, mass media of communication, location of markets, settlement patterns, and population movements, he says. If it is possible to examine these different forms of communication, or as many as possible of them, it is equally possible, he says, to estimate shared experience and make predictions about increases or decreases in shared experience. The first stage in this process, that of physical contact, is called â€Å"mobilization†.People who have intensive co mmunications with each other are â€Å"mobilized†1 for shared experiences and are â€Å"mobiliz-ed† into a current of communications which may eventually change a physical relationship into an affective relationship. The second stage is a change in the sentiments and attitudes of the people; it is called â€Å"assimilation†. People find that, on the basis of shared experience, they communicate increasingly more effectively with members of a particular society than with others. In other words, when the â€Å"communication habits† of a population become ncreasingly standardized within a group composed of smaller groups, assimilation of the smaller groups to the larger one is occurring: â€Å"If the statistical weight of standardized experience is large, and the weight of recalled information within the [smaller] group is relatively small, and the statistical weight of feedback information about the [smaller] group's peculiar responses is likewise small, th en the responses of such a group would differ from the responses of other groups in the same situation by a converging series, until the remaining differences might fall below the threshold of political significance.This is the process of assimilation. â€Å"2 People may also find that there are advantages to be gained in belong-ing to this new community, but there may never be a conscious choice which is made. Because a study of assimilation is a study of beliefs, values and conceptions, different kinds of data are necessary. Professor Deutsch says that there are also quantifiable.According to him, the â€Å"rate of assimilation† depends on certain linguistic, economie, and cultural â€Å"balances†: similarities in linguistic habits must be balanced, for example, against differences in value, material rewards for assimilation must be balanced against rewards for non-assimilation. To measure values he says it is necessary to give psychological tests to considerable nu mbers of people3 and to measure rewards it is necessary, in part, to examine economie surveys to determine where people work and how much they get paid. The problems involved in using these criteria are insurmontable at present. The data for these â€Å"balances† are lacking, and even if one had the men, the money, the machines, and the time necessary, or as many as possible of them, it is equally possible, he says, to estimate shared experience and make predictions about increases or decreases in shared experience. The first stage in this process, that of physical contact, is called â€Å"mobilization†.People who have intensive communications with each other are â€Å"mobilized†1 for shared experiences and are â€Å"mobiliz-ed† into a current of communications which may eventually change a physical relationship into an affective relationship. The second stage is a change in the sentiments and attitudes of the people; it is called â€Å"assimilation†. People find that, on the basis of shared experience, they communicate increasingly more effectively with members of a particular society than with others.In other words, when the â€Å"communication habits† of a population become increasingly standardized within a group composed of smaller groups, assimilation of the smaller groups to the larger one is occurring: â€Å"If the statistical weight of standardized experience is large, and the weight of recalled information within the [smaller] group is relatively small, and the statistical weight of feedback information about the [smaller] group's peculiar responses is likewise small, then the responses of such a group would differ from the responses of other groups in the same situation by a converging series, until the remaining differences might fall below the threshold of political significance. This is the process of assimilation. â€Å"2 People may also find that there are advantages to be gained in belong-ing to this new community, but there may never be a conscious choice which is made. Because a study of assimilation is a study of beliefs, values and conceptions, different kinds of data are necessary. Professor Deutsch says that there are also quantifiable.According to him, the â€Å"rate of assimilation† depends on certain linguistic, economie, and cultural â€Å"balances†: similarities in linguistic habits must be balanced, for example, against differences in value, material rewards for assimilation must be balanced against rewards for non-assimilation. To measure values he says it is necessary to give psychological tests to considerable numbers of people3 and to measure rewards it is necessary, in part, to examine economie surveys to determine where people work and how much they get paid. 4 The problems involved in using these criteria are insurmontable at present. The data for these â€Å"balances† are lacking, and even if one had the men, the money, the machines, and the time necessary, villages or in the same village. These quantifiable data served as a basis for a study of mobilization.In order to validate conclusions based on the quantitative census data I took a tour of the country during which I visited every region and lived in a few selected villages for periods of three days to a week. In the course of this tour I found that one way to investigate attitudes and assimilation was by oral histories and conceptions of kinship. My use of these histories was different from that of Professor Hubert Deschamps who had made an extensive tour of the country in 1961 to collect and record oral histories as part of a large project to write the history of Gabon. 1 As an historian he was naturally interest-ed in recording the facts of the past. For me, as a political scientist, the â€Å"truth† was irrelevant.I was interested in history as ideology: how were present relationships between tribes justified in the history, what was the place held b y neighboring tribes in a given history, how were history and conceptions of kinship infmenced by present settlement patterns. I thought that these two criteria, settlement patterns and histories, could serve as a basis for estimations of trends in assimilation and mobilization and could show the relationship between non-quantifiable attitudes and quantifiable social communications. The following are some of my findings. Mobilization Gabon may be crudely divided into three generai zones of mobilization: places where people are relatively non-mobilized, where they are partially mobilized, and where they are mobilized for intensive contact with people of different ethnie groups.I have called these zones Heartland, Contact, and National. The Heartland Zone is a group of contiguous cantons in which one ethnie group or tribe clearly predominates with at least 80% of the total population. Internai communication is fairly good and may be better than means which link the area with other par ts of the country. Contact Zones are on the edges of Heartland Zones; from about 50% to 80% of the people belong to one tribe. Such zones are cantons in which people of different tribes live in adjoining villages or in the same village; or they are centers of attraction such as administrative posts and markets to which people from different Heartlands travel regularly.They are most likely along roads and rivers which provide a link between Heartland Zones. There may be more mechanical means of communication in a Contact Zone than in a Heartland. National Zones are groups of contiguous cantons and large centers of attraction in which no tribe accounts for 50% of the total population. The internai means of communication are best here: they are public, mechanical, and regular. It is usually the one place where most decisions affecting the whole country are made. A. A Heartland. The largest Heartland in Gabon is that of the Fang who account for one-third of the total population of the c ountry. 1 The center of this Heartland orresponds with the administrative region of Woleu-Ntem in the northern half of the country along the Camerounese frontier. The region is relatively isolated from the rest of Gabon but has regular contact with Cameroun and Spanish Guinea by land and water. The only road to Libreville has been in poor condition even during the dry season; the rains often close the road completely. While there is regular air and telegraphie communication between Libreville and administrative centers of Woleu-Ntem, there is no regular land transportation. By contrast, fair roads extend into Cameroun and Spanish Guinea where close relatives of the Fang, the Bulu, live.Merchandise is imported along these routes while coffee and cocoa exports leave Woleu-Ntem through the Cameroun. 2 Some Fang take advantage of the road to the Cameroun to attend Camerounese technical schools and go to Camerounese hospitals (particularly a missionary-run hospital not far from the front ier). Radio Cameroun is a popular source of information and entertainment. For 14 of the 16 cantons of Woleu Ntem there is a regular service of autocars which link the administrative centers of the region. For example, two little Renault cars leave Oyem, the administrative capital, every day for each canton except that of Medouneu to the far west and Lalara to the south.There are frequent cars from Oyem or Bitam to Spanish Guinea and Cameroun. Another means of internai communication has been a regional newspaper published by some Fang teachers. In 1962 it contained mainly Fang stories and essays on â€Å"the true Fang custom†. In spite 1. For studies of the Fang see Georges Balandier, Sociologie actuelle de l'Afrique Noire, Paris, 1963. P. Alexandre and J. Binet, Le Groupe dit Pahouin, Paris, 1958. James Fernandez, Redistributive Acculturation in Fang Culture, unpublished, Northwestern, 1963. 2. Neither Libreville nor Port-Gentil, which are both on the ocean, have a port whic h can adequately accomodate large ships. f the great preponderance of Fang in the region, it was printed in French and was issued in only 75 copies. About 55,000 out of a total adult population of 56,500, or 98% are Fang in this region. 1 In the canton of Woleu, for example, there are 5,531 Africans of whom 5,473 are Fang. Non-Fang live in well-defined quarters in the town of Oyem; most of these people are Bulu merchants from southern Cameroun or Bakota who have moved from a neighboring region to work as servants or to attend a Roman Catholic secondary school. While these â€Å"foreigners† move into the Woleu-Ntem, the present Fang residents are fairly stationary. The census indicates that 80% of the men between the ages of 15 and 59 were born in the place the census taker found them.However, only 12% of the women were born in the place they were counted. 2 This does not mean that many Fang have not moved outside the Woleu-Ntem for many have; it means that Fang maies, who sti ll live in the region, have an interest in continuing to live in the village where they were born and that they find wives outside their village. Several women in each of the villages along the Guinea and Cameroun frontiers indicated that they were born in these neighboring states. Contiguous with the Woleu-Ntem are eight cantons which are an extension of the Heartland. The Fang have moved into these particul-ar cantons partly because the ways of communication exist.For example, the administrative region of Ogooue-Ivindo has three cantons adjacent to the Fang Heartland. In two of these cantons the Fang represent 80% or more of the total population and in the third they represent only 2% of the total population. The difference is that the two cantons with high Fang percentages are linked to the Woleu-Ntem by a river and a road while the other has no such link. In the sixteen cantons of Woleu-Ntem plus the eight cantons in adjacent regions which constitute the Heartland there are 70,0 00 Fang out of a total Fang population in Gabon of 106,000. On the basis of settlement patterns 66% of the Fang are, therefore, non-mobilized. Their contacts are almost exclusively with other Fang.Table I indicates that over half the Gabonese have no contact with people of tribes different from their own. Not ail the tribes of Gabon have Heartlands; of those who do have Heartlands 62% live in them. The total population of the country (14 and older) was approximately 285 000. 3 If the total population 1. Unless otherwise noted ail census figures refer to people 14 and older. 2. Recensement et enquete demographiques ic6o-ic6i: Resultats provisoires ensemble du Gabon, Service de Cooperation de l'Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes economiques, Paris, 1963, p. 24. 3. Ail the calculations, unless otherwise noted, are my own; they are based

Address Resolution Protocol

————————————————- Address Resolution Protocol The  Address Resolution Protocol  (ARP) is a  computer networking  protocol for determining a network host's link layer or hardware address when only its  Internet Layer  (IP) or  Network Layer  address is known. This function is critical in local area networking as well as for routing internetworking traffic across gateways (routers) based on  IP addresses  when the next-hop router must be determined. ARP was defined by  RFC 826  in 1982. [1]  It is  Internet Standard  STD 37. ARP has been implemented in many types of networks, such as  Internet Protocol  (IP) network,  CHAOS,  DECNET, Xerox  PARC Universal Packet,  Token Ring,  FDDI,  IEEE 802. 11  and other  LAN  technologies, as well as the modern high capacity networks, such as  Asynchronous Transfer Mode  (ATM). Due to the overwhelming prevalence of  IPv4  and Ethernet in general networking, ARP is most frequently used to translate  IPv4 addresses  into Ethernet  MAC addresses. In the next generation Internet Protocol,  IPv6, ARP's functionality is provided by the  Neighbor Discovery Protocol  (NDP). ———————————————— Overview and IPv4-plus-Ethernet example Consider a LAN where machines using IPv4 over Ethernet wish to communicate. A sender wishes to send a message to some other machine on the LAN and knows a destination IPv4 address. The destination IPv4 address is hopefully associated with some appropriate network interface belonging to the recipient machine, and is present on the LAN. But in order for communication to succeed, the sending machine  first needs to discover the ethernet MAC address of the intended recipient network interface. This requirement comes about because Ethernet hardware does not (necessarily) understand IPv4 protocols or IPv4 addresses in the sense that Ethernet hardware ‘listens out for' relevant Ethernet MAC addresses but does not ‘listen out for' IPv4 addresses. (An impractical alternative would be to have all units listen to every Ethernet packet and inspect the contents for relevant IPv4 addresses, discarding the packets that are intended for other devices, but this would be very inefficient. ) So before sending an IPv4 packet, the sender sends a roadcast message onto the LAN using ARP in order to discover the Ethernet MAC address of some interface that is listening for that desired target IPv4 address. Some appropriate unit replies that it has a network interface with a certain MAC address that is associated with the IPv4 address in question. The original would-be sender now has the information needed and can go ahead and send its IPv4 packet to the destination inserting it int o an Ethernet frame with the correct destination MAC address for the appropriate recipient. The sender's operating system also stores the newly discovered MAC address in a table (‘caches' the result). This table of mappings from IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses is retained and consulted again and again, so the ARP discovery procedure only has to be performed one time, when a packet is sent to a ‘new' destination IPv4 address. ————————————————- Operating scope The Address Resolution Protocol is a low level request and answer protocol that is communicated on the media access level of the underlying network. For  Ethernet  systems, an ARP message is the payload of Ethernet packets. ARP therefore operates only across the local link that a host is connected to. Within the framework of the  Internet Protocol Suite, this characteristic makes ARP a  Link Layer  protocol. [2] ARP is also very often discussed in terms of the  Open Systems Interconnect  (OSI)  networking model, because that model addresses hardware-to-software interfaces more explicitly and is preferred by some equipment manufacturers. However, ARP was not developed based on the design principles and strict encapsulation hierarchy of this model and, therefore, such discussions create a number of conflicts as to the exact operating layer within this model. Most often ARP is placed into the  Data Link Layer  (Layer 2), but since it requires the definitions of network addresses of the  Network Layer, it is not unusual to find it referenced at that layer. An example of use in OSI networking, is ATMARP, used to resolve  Asynchronous Transfer Mode  (ATM)  NSAP  addresses in IP over ATM deployments. ————————————————- Packet structure The  Address Resolution Protocol  uses a simple message format that contains one address resolution request or response. The size of the ARP message depends on the upper layer and lower layer address sizes, which are given by the type of networking protocol (usually  IPv4) in use and the type of hardware or virtual link layer that the upper layer protocol is running on. The message header specifies these types, as well as the size of addresses of each. The message header is completed with the operation code for request (1) and reply (2). The payload of the packet consists of four addresses, the hardware and protocol address of the sender and receiver hosts. The principal packet structure of ARP packets is shown in the following table which illustrates the case of IPv4 networks running on Ethernet. In this scenario, the packet has 48-bit fields for the sender hardware address (SHA) and target hardware address (THA), and 32-bit fields for the corresponding sender and target protocol addresses (SPA and TPA). Thus, the ARP packet size in this case is 28 bytes. Hardware type (HTYPE) This field specifies the Link Layer protocol type. Example: Ethernet is 1. Protocol type (PTYPE) This field specifies the upper layer protocol for which the ARP request is intended. For example, Internet Protocol (IPv4) is encoded as 0x0800. Hardware length (HLEN) Length (in  octets) of a hardware address. Ethernet addresses size is 6. Protocol length (PLEN) Length (in octets) of a  logical address  of the specified protocol (cf. PTYPE). IPv4 address size is 4. Operation Specifies the operation that the sender is performing: 1 for request, 2 for reply. Sender hardware address (SHA) Hardware (MAC) address of the sender. Sender protocol address (SPA) Upper layer protocol address of the sender. Target hardware address (THA) Hardware address of the intended receiver. This field is ignored in requests. Target protocol address (TPA) Upper layer protocol address of the intended receiver. ARP protocol parameter values have been standardized and are maintained by  IANA Internet Protocol (IPv4) over Ethernet ARP packet| bit offset| 0 – 7| 8 – 15| 0| Hardware type (HTYPE)| 16| Protocol type (PTYPE)| 32| Hardware address length (HLEN)| Protocol address length (PLEN)| 48| Operation (OPER)| 64| Sender hardware address (SHA) (first 16 bits)| 80| (next 16 bits)| 96| (last 16 bits)| 112| Sender protocol address (SPA) (first 16 bits)| 128| (last 16 bits)| 144| Target hardware address (THA) (first 16 bits)| 160| (next 16 bits)| 76| (last 16 bits)| 192| Target protocol address (TPA) (first 16 bits)| 208| (last 16 bits)| ————————————————- ARP probe An  ARP probe  is an ARP request constructed with an all-zero  sender IP address. The term is used in the  IPv4 Addre ss Conflict Detection  specification (RFC 5227). Before beginning to use an IPv4 address (whether received from manual configuration, DHCP, or some other means), a host implementing this specification must test to see if the address is already in use, by broadcasting ARP probe packets. ————————————————- ARP announcements ARP may also be used as a simple announcement protocol. This is useful for updating other host's mapping of a hardware address when the sender's IP address or MAC address has changed. Such an announcement, also called a  gratuitous ARP  message, is usually broadcast as an ARP request containing the sender's protocol address (SPA) in the target field (TPA=SPA), with the target hardware address (THA) set to zero. An alternative is to broadcast an ARP reply with the sender's hardware and protocol addresses (SHA and SPA) duplicated in the target fields (TPA=SPA, THA=SHA). An ARP announcement is not intended to solicit a reply; instead it updates any cached entries in the ARP tables of other hosts that receive the packet. The operation code may indicate a request or a reply because the ARP standard specifies that the opcode is only processed after the ARP table has been updated from the address fields. [4][5][6] Many operating systems perform gratuitous ARP during startup. That helps to resolve problems which would otherwise occur if, for example, a network card was recently changed (changing the IP-address-to-MAC-address mapping) and other hosts still have the old mapping in their ARP caches. Gratuitous ARP is also used by some interface drivers to effect load balancing for incoming traffic. In a team of network cards, it is used to announce a different MAC address within the team that should receive incoming packets. ARP announcements can be used to defend  link-local  IP addresses in the  Zeroconf  protocol (RFC 3927), and for IP address takeover within  high-availability clusters. ————————————————- ARP mediation ARP mediation  refers to the process of resolving Layer 2 addresses when different resolution protocols are used on multiple connected circuits, e. . , ATM on one end and Ethernet on the others. ————————————————- Inverse ARP and Reverse ARP The  Inverse Address Resolution Protocol  (Inverse ARP or InARP), is a protocol used f or obtaining  Network Layer  addresses (e. g. ,  IP addresses) of other nodes from  Data Link Layer(Layer 2) addresses. It is primarily used in  Frame Relay  (DLCI) and ATM networks, in which Layer 2 addresses of  virtual circuits  are sometimes obtained from Layer 2 signaling, and the corresponding Layer 3 addresses must be available before these virtual circuits can be used. As ARP translates Layer 3 addresses to Layer 2 addresses, InARP may be described as its inverse. In addition, InARP is actually implemented as a protocol extension to ARP. It uses the same packet format from ARP; but has different operation codes. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol  (Reverse ARP or RARP), like InARP, also translates Layer 2 addresses to Layer 3 addresses. However, while in InARP the requesting station is querying the Layer 3 address of another node, RARP is used to obtain the Layer 3 address of the requesting station itself for address configuration purposes. RARP is now obsolete. It was replaced by  BOOTP, which was later superseded by the  Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol  (DHCP). ————————————————- Proxy ARP Proxy ARP  (Address Resolution Protocol) is a technique by which a device on a given network answers the  ARP  queries for a  network address  that is not on that network. The ARP Proxy is aware of the location of the traffic's destination, and offers its own MAC address in reply, effectively saying, â€Å"send it to me, and I'll get it to where it needs to go. Serving as an ARP Proxy for another host effectively directs LAN traffic to the Proxy. The â€Å"captured† traffic is then typically routed by the Proxy to the intended destination via another interface or via a  tunnel. The process which results in the node responding with its own MAC address to an ARP request for a different IP address for proxying purposes is sometimes referred to as ‘publishing'. ————————————————- Uses Below are some typical uses for proxy ARP: Joining a broadcast LAN with  serial  links (e. g. ,  dialup  or  VPN  connections). Assume an Ethernet broadcast domain (e. g. , a group of stations connected to the same hub) using a certain IPv4 address range (e. g. , 192. 168. 0. 0/24, where 192. 168. 0. 1 – 192. 168. 0. 127 are assigned to wired nodes). One or more of the nodes is an  access router  accepting dialup or VPN connections. The access router gives the dial-up nodes IP addressses in the range 192. 168. 0. 128 – 192. 168. 0. 254; for this example, assume a dial-up node gets IP address 192. 168. 0. 254. The access router uses Proxy ARP to make the dial-up node present in the subnet without being wired into the Ethernet: he access server ‘publishes' its own MAC address for 192. 168. 0. 254. Now, when another node wired into the Ethernet wants to talk to the dial-up node, it will ask on the network for the MAC address of 192. 168. 0. 254 and find the access server's MAC address. It will therefore send its IP packets to the access server, and the access server will know to pass them on to the particular dial-up node. All dial-up nodes therefore appear to the wired Ethernet nodes as if they are wired into the same Ethernet subnet. Taking multiple addresses from a LAN Assume a station (e. g. , a server) with an interface (10. 0. 0. 2) connected to a network (10. 0. 0. 0/24). Certain applications may require multiple IP addresses on the server. Provided the addresses have to be from the 10. 0. 0. 0/24 range, the way the problem is solved is through Proxy ARP. Additional addresses (say, 10. 0. 0. 230-10. 0. 0. 240) are  aliased  to the  loopbackinterface of the server (or assigned to special interfaces, the latter typically being the case with  VMware/UML/jails/vservers/other virtual server environments) and ‘published' on the 10. . 0. 2 interface (although many operating systems allow direct allocation of multiple addresses to one interface, thus eliminating the need for such tricks). On a firewall In this scenario a firewall can be configured with a single IP address. One simple example of a use for this would be placing a firewall in front of a single host or group of hosts on a subnet. Example- A network (10. 0. 0. 0/8) has a serve r which should be protected (10. 0. 0. 20) a proxy-arp firewall can be placed in front of the server. In this way the server is put behind a firewall without making any changes to the network at all. Mobile-IP In case of  Mobile-IP  the Home Agent uses Proxy ARP in order to receive messages on behalf of the Mobile Node, so that it can forward the appropriate message to the actual mobile node's address (Care Of Address). Transparent subnet gatewaying A setup that involves two physical segments sharing the same IP subnet and connected together via a  router. This use is documented in  RFC 1027 ————————————————- Advantages The advantage of Proxy ARP over other networking schemes is simplicity. A network can be extended using this technique without the knowledge of the upstream router. For example, suppose a host, say A, wants to contact another host B, where B is on a different subnet/broadcast domain than A. For this, host A will send an  ARP  request with a Destination IP address of B in its ARP packet. The multi-homed router which is connected to both the subnets, responds to host A's request with its MAC address instead of host B's actual  MAC  address, thus proxying for host B. In the due course of time, when host A sends a packet to the router which is actually destined to host B, the router just forwards the packet to host B. The communication between host A and B is totally unaware of the router proxying for each other. ————————————————- Disadvantages Disadvantage of Proxy ARP include scalability (ARP resolution is required for every device routed in this manner) and reliability (no fallback mechanism is present, and masquerading can be confusing in some environments). It should be noted that ARP manipulation techniques, however, are the basis for protocols providing  redundancy  on broadcast networks (e. g. ,Ethernet), most notably  CARP  and  Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol. Proxy ARP can create DoS attacks on networks if misconfigured. For example a misconfigured router with proxy ARP has the ability to receive packets destined for other hosts (as it gives its own MAC address in response to ARP requests for other hosts/routers), but may not have the ability to correctly forward these packets on to their final destination, thus blackholing the traffic.

Health, pharmaceuticals, and citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health, pharmaceuticals, and citizenship - Essay Example Cancers are usually realized when they become obvious in an advanced stage requiring mastectomy. Also in the US women are more likely to learn how to deal with breast cancer through friends with the disease, support groups, and fund raising appeals. In Botswana because of the absence of oncology there is no collective experience of the disease or knowledge of the biomedical therapeutic process required for cure. Recently there have been some attempts to disseminate public knowledge through posters and other means, but they do not resonate in Botswana as they are copied from ones in the West and recommend unavailable screening and are without cultural adaptation. On the other hand, diseases such as HIV, hypertension, diabetes and tuberculosis are well known, so Botswana patients have to learn to distinguish these diseases from cancer. Although Botswana has universal care it is geared to grappling with infectious diseases and mother-child health. Cancer is largely unknown by medical wo rkers except in a cancer ward in a public hospital. Furthermore, even in the hospital diagnosis and treatment are hampered by staff shortages and turnover, lack of modern functioning equipment, and appropriate drugs. There is also a high risk of co-infection with diseases such as HIV. Even when some women are told they have cancer, they may self deny until it advances and they are forced to deal with it. Also even many doctors in clinics and private hospitals deny the oncology because of ignorance of the disease and/or they don’t know how to deal with it. When arriving at the cancer treating hospital some patients are distrustful because they already had sought relief from Christian an Tswana prophetic leaders without success. Many do not understand biomedical explanations so it is better to talk in terms of analogies or say things like† you will hate my treatment, but

Running Groups For Adults Who Have Profound Mental Retardation Essay

Running Groups For Adults Who Have Profound Mental Retardation - Essay Example Right from the time the group is set up to the time it completes its tasks, objectives, or goals, persons with special needs have to be at the center stage of every activity being undertaken. The team leader and all other members in the group have to be conscious about their colleagues who have profound mental retardation. The leader should set operational strategies for the group in such a way that accounts for every single individual on board. The activities that need to be undertaken in regard to persons with profound mental retardation in a group setting might not be met all at once. However, a time to time approach to these activities can be adopted in line with the group schedules over the entire time the group will remain operational. In order to do this, team leadership skills have to be eminent. While the priority in this case is to be as helpful as possible to the group members with profound mental retardation, the other part of the group cannot be solely ignored (Sonnentag & Volmer, 2010). It is fundamental to consider and balance all matters of concern in the group. In order to ensure a smooth run of the group, skills training comes in handy. This does not necessarily have to only involve the group members and their leader, but can also involve an expert in the field of dealing with persons with profound mental retardation. This expert can be an institutional staff or any other person that the group is comfortable working with. The involvement of an expert in the group matters enables the group to manage any merging issues that may negatively affect the overall success of the group. On the same note, when there is an essentially qualified and experienced advisor or mentor to guide the group, the integration of all ideas and arguments of individual members is easy. Moreover, this enables understanding and

Sweatshops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Sweatshops - Essay Example Out-of-date facilities and poor labor education often lead to workers being injured. In turn, employers rarely provide health insurance, and the burden of recovery expenses lies entirely on the employee. Lethal cases are also frequent. Thus, over 400 were buried alive after an apparel factory collapsed in Dhaka in May 2013 (Kazmin). Secondly, since the poorer countries are dependent on the foreign cash inflows, huge multinational corporations can satisfy their selfish motifs deriving the most benefit out of the host country. As far as the third-world countries share similarly appalling economic conditions, it gives companies the scope to choose the location of their plant. To win a tough competition, governments and local authorities have to draw the attention of the organizations offering greater financial benefits. Unfortunately, fundamental laborer’s rights, such as a minimum salary and adequate workload are often neglected, and employees get unfairly exploited. Some of the most ludicrous concessions may even include unlimited tax holidays. Additionally, the firms do not bring technology that the local population could take advantage of. The deficit of education mixed with the lack of skill conduces to a situation where no economic growth is possible. Furthermore, employing nearly 165 million children worldwide, sweatshops have a detrimental impact on education. For instance, four in every five Bangladeshi kids aged 10 and below attend school. However, of those employed only 20% are capable of combining work with classes (Salmon). The lack of education limits a person’s further employment opportunities and enables only to be a worker qualified enough for a sweatshop, where mainly low-skilled work is performed. Superficially, it may seem that sweatshops help to resolve the issue of unemployment in the absence of better alternatives, but digging deeper, one realizes that they only launch the vicious

Perestroika and Glasnost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Perestroika and Glasnost - Essay Example : The major factors of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc are interconnected because internal conflict and the reformatory policies (say, Perestroika and Glasnost) of the later leaders hindered the full-fledged development of communism. One can see that internal conflict (say, ideological) and economic burden accelerated the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Within this context, political policies adopted by Joseph Stalin were totally against the people. Besides, the war in Afghanistan proved to be an economic burden to Soviet Union. The communist policies like control over media and single party system resulted in the totalitarian control of communist party over the mainstream society. Moreover, the arms race during the Cold War era affected the economic backbone of Soviet Union. Industrialization helped the military in Soviet Union to be the most powerful tool of the state. The lack of productivity resulted in the economic collapse of Soviet Union in 1980s. The measures adopted by Mikhail Gorbachev, like Perestroika and Glasnost, did not help Soviet Union to save itself from its ultimate collapse. In short, internal conflicts originated from political and economic factors accelerated the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the origin of Russia. The most important factor behind the collapse of the Eastern Bloc was the collapse of Stalinism in Soviet Union. Earlier, the fall of German imperialism at the end of the WWII was exploited by the communist leaders in Soviet Union to spread communist ideology in Europe. Perry, Berg and Krukones (2009), state that â€Å"Meanwhile, the Soviet Union created international mechanisms to oversee and exploit the region’s economic production and military resources, so that the phrase â€Å" Eastern Bloc† became entirely fitting† (p.311). For instance, the European nations like Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia etc were under the control of Soviet Union, especially Stalinism.

GDP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

GDP - Assignment Example Subsequently, assuming an increase in the real GDP per person, the rise in the real national GDP would indicate that the standards of living for the citizens has risen too. This is in consideration of the ownership of material things such as shelter, food and clothing which are fundamental to wellbeing. The increased standard of living could also be as a result of the enhanced security, access to safe water, justice, access to medical care and a safe environment. However, more of these outputs are more easily obtained by using fewer resources to produce more goods (Mankiw, 2007). The use of GDP as a measure of economic well-being has several limitations. First, it results in changes in quality of products by including new goods that replace older products. Second, it does not consider the leisure time or how hard people work to produce output; thus, likely to understate change in real income. Third, GDP does not recognize the underground economy (non-market production) involving cash transactions and barter trades conducted outside the recorded marketplaces (Mankiw, 2007). Fourth, GDP ignores the harmful side effects of goods (economic bads) like pollution in its statistics by counting them the same as goods, as well as GDP places no value on the environmental costs of the

W4 A566 Social Media Analytics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

W4 A566 Social Media Analytics - Essay Example This is because they would need to market their products to the users of these accounts. For example, social media companies such as Face Book has over 500, million users, and this makes it highly attractive to multinational companies, mainly because it gives them an access to these people. Therefore it is easier to market their products to these users. Social media analytics can also be referred to as online listening or even social media listening. This is because it allows marketers to have the capability of identifying the trends, and needs of customers, for purposes of developing products that would satisfy and meet these needs (Turban, Delen and Sharda, 2013). There is significant evidence and examples whereby companies have used the tool of the social media analytics to market their products, and engage with their customers. Companies such as Royal Bank of Canada, Jet Blue, Whirlpool and Barclays Bank are known to be using the tools of the social media analytics for purposes of marketing, and promoting their brand image. These companies have managed to improve their services, because of the feedback that they usually receive from their customers, through the social media. This is because the social media is an interactive tool of communication. Furthermore, scholars and academicians have tried to analyze and explain the seasonal emotional pattern that is always characterized by the use of the social media (Turban, Delen and Sharda, 2013). This is important because this type of research has enabled companies to know the reason why people use the social media, and the best marketing tools to use, for purposes of convincing them to use the products of the company. Through these studies, researchers have managed to come up with social media tools that can enable them study the emotions of customers, regarding a particular product

How do organizations communicate their core values (i.e., what they Assignment

How do organizations communicate their core values (i.e., what they stand for) to potential applicants - Qualitative data analysis - Assignment Example Numerous organizations decide to make their center qualities straightforward on the grounds that they perceive the imperativeness of core values (Whiteley and Whiteley, 2007). Core values are different for each organization, however, the purpose of core values are same regardless of the company and organization. Similarly the way through which a company or organization communicates their core values with their potential applicants is different from each other. The purpose of this study is to explore what are the different techniques through which different organizations are communicating their core values with potential applicants. Because these are the people who are building a complete infrastructure of an organization and it is important for them to have an understanding to the core values of that organization. The methodology that is used in this research paper is the secondary data collection that is derived from the brochures of different companies. Some brochures were acquired directly from the representatives of the company while others were accessed via Internet. For the interpretation of the data, we used data coding methodology. This is an approach in which researchers are assigning meaningful codes to different type of data to make it readable. A code in qualitative analysis is frequently a statement or short expression that typically allocates a summative, striking, readable, and/or reminiscent quality for data. For appropriate coding, proper assistance has been taken from books and journals. If an organization says that they are like career catalysts this means that they are offering certain values to their potential applicants to help them in building their career. For example, Accenture, a leading consulting, technology and outsourcing firm is communicating its core values to potential applicants by offering them a number of career developing elements such as collaboration and

Islam Essay Example for Free

Islam Essay 1. The word â€Å"Islam† is derived form the Arabic root â€Å"asalama† which literally means peace, purity and submission. Thus Islam means â€Å"surrender to the Almighty† and Muslim means â€Å"one who is in a state of submission†. It is understood that this submission is to the Will of God, as is laid down in the Quran. This tenet is unequivocally accepted by all sects of Islam be they Shia, Sunni or Sufis. 2. Islam is an unerringly monotheistic religion. It enjoins the existence of one God, his prophet Muhammad who is the Last Prophet (khatam-in-nabiyin) in a long line of prophets sent throughout time and to every civilization, and the Quran as the Word of God revealed to Muhammad through the angel Jibrael. Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable and the purpose of life is to worship him and to adhere to his word, as laid down in the Quran, and in Sunnah (the normative practices of the Prophet), as closely as possible. They believe that Islam is the final, completed and universal version of a faith (Deen-e-Ibrahimi) revealed too many prophets before; most notably Abraham, Moses and Jesus, but whose message has now been distorted. 3. The practices of Islam are based on the ubiquitous â€Å"Five Pillars†. These are, in order of importance, Shahadah or acceptance of One-ness (Taw hid) of God, Salat or five daily Prayers, Saum or Fasting in the month of Ramadan, Zakat or obligatory Alms-giving, Hajj or Pilgrimage to the Kaabah (House of God) at least once in a lifetime, for those able to afford it. These five â€Å"Pillars of Faith† are incumbent upon every Muslim and form the basis for his belief. Some scholars say that the pillars in Shia Islam involve an additional four points in addition to the principal ones. Namely, Nabuwah or Prophet Hood of Muhammad, Jesus, Moses etc., Imamah or Leadership of the Tweleve Imams, Qiyamah or Day of Judgment and Adel or Justice. 4. The fundamental goals of Islam are a complete submission to God and adherence to the teachings of the Quran and the example of Sunnah. When a child is born he is â€Å"ordained† into Islam by reciting the Kalima (the verses outlining Tawhid) into his ear, and thereby giving Shahadah i.e. acknowledgement of the One-ness of God. Muslims must perform the ritual of prayer five times a day, fast and give alms in the month of Ramadan, and perform the pilgrimage to the Kaabah if he is of sound mind and body and is able to afford it. The principles of the Promotion of Virtue (amr bil-maaroof) and Prevention of Vice (nahi an-al-munkar) are long-standing and Muslims are expected to inculcate them in their dealings with others. As Islam enjoins peace and harmony with mankind and with nature there is a great emphasis placed on community. Indeed, the Muslim brethren at large are considered one community (Ummah), irrespective of political, cultural or physical barriers. A Muslim is encouraged to perform good deeds for the community (masawaat) and to call people to worship the One God (Dawah). 5. Authority in Islam remains with God. His injunctions, as laid down in the Quran, and the practices and teachings of the Prophet, Sunnah are to be followed in establishing a political structure. Traditionally the concept of political leadership was embodied by the â€Å"Great Caliphs† (Khulfa-e-Rashiduun), who succeeded Muhammad in leadership of the nascent Islamic Empire. This political set-up personified adherence to the Shariah, duty of the rulers to seek consultation or Shura and of censuring unjust rulers. It is widely believed that the â€Å"Great Four†, the four to succeed Muhammad in succession, were the only ones in practice true to the cause of Islam and subsequent rulers fell victim to dynastic politics and greed. With the fall of the Ottoman Empire there was an abolition of the Caliphate, no matter how symbolic, and closure of the traditional Islamic political setup. Shia Islam has a theological concept of the Imamate. This term is often used interchangeably with the Caliphate but has very different connotations. The Shia believes that it is a divine institution succeeding the Last prophet and the Imams divinely chosen. The chosen Imams take up the mantle of religious, political, social etc. leader of all the Ummah. Traditionally Shia followers and scholars have shown political aloofness or activism against what was viewed as an increasingly corrupt caliphate. 6. The legal ideal in Islam resides with God. His injunctions form the basis for Islamic Law or Shariah. Shariah derives from two sources: divine revelations set forth in the Quran, and the normative practices of the Holy Prophet, Sunnah, as pertained to everyday matters. Fiqh or Jurisprudence extends on matters not directly touched upon in these primary sources. The foundations for Fiqh come from Ijma or consensus of learned scholars and qiyas, analogy from quran and Sunnah. Shia jurisprudence replaces this with aql or â€Å"reason†. Shariah law is not widespread, and even in Muslim countries there are often parallel justice systems. In countries where it enjoys official status Shariah is upheld by the qadis. Shariah has widespread implications; from matters of politics and economics to diet and personal hygiene. Shia scholars employ a different tack. According to them sources of law (usul-e-fiqh) are: Quran, Sunnah, the practices of the Twelve Imams and aql (reason). 7. Islamic philosophy and theology have more or less a harmonious perspective. Theology in Islam centers on six main articles of belief; Belief in One God (Tawhid), Belief in the Last Prophet (Nabi) and all the Messengers of God (Rasul), belief in Angels (Malaika), books sent by god (kutub), judgment (qiyamah) and predestination (qadar). Islamic philosophy as produced in an Islamic society is not exclusively concerned with religious matters nor is it wholly Islamic in origin; rather it has grounds in Hellenistic and Pre-Islamic Indian traditions. The golden age of Islamic philosophy is centered on the 8th to 12th centuries and exemplified Averroes and Avicenna. The first aspect of theology is Kalam which deals with theological questions and the other is Falsafa based on Aristotelianism. Kalam centers on ijtihad or using thought to investigate the doctrines of the Quran, while Falsafa was mainly concerned with the translation of Greek and Hindu texts and expounding them to the community at large. It is quite possible for a Muslim to hold separate philosophical and theological beliefs; believing on the one hand in the Aristotelian principle that the existence of the world is not only a possibility but also a necessity, and also valuing the fact that existence of the world in due only to God. The Shia school of thought differs only in what it considers purely theological matters i.e. Roots of religion (Usul e-Din) and Branches of Faith (Furu-e-Din) 8. By the end of the 12th century, the Islamic Empire was a vast entity. Stretching from beyond the shores of the Mediterranean to much of India. Thus Islamic art and architecture shows wide and varied themes, each influenced by the culture and climate of the particular land. The principal Islamic architectural styles are the mosque, tomb, fort and palace and from these an idea of the recurring themes may be gleaned. Soon after Muhammad, a recognizable style of architecture emerged comprising interior vaulted spaces, a circular dome and decorative arabesques. The great mosque of Samarrah in Iraq, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Hagia Sofia in Turkey are prime examples. The conquest of the Persian Empire in the 7th century introduced large arcades and arches. Moorish architecture is perhaps the most familiar example in the western world. The Great Mosque (Mezquita) in Cordova, the Alhambra and the fort of Granada introduced wide breezy interiors and decorative foliage and Arabic inscription motifs. Mughal architecture has built a class of its own. Perhaps the most famous is the Taj Mahal, built in white marble entirely in symmetry with large minarets and cupola domes. The Mughals also introduced gardens as a relevant theme in their architecture, most famously the Shalimar Gardens. While theology does not have a very significant impact on Islamic architecture a recurring theme is the absence of human or animal imagery, widely considered to be forbidden by the Prophet. Instead calligraphic inscriptions of the Quran and geometric patterns replace as decorative influences.

Workforce Development and Management at Tesco

Workforce Development and Management at Tesco Working with and Leading People  (A Case Study of Tesco) Tesco is grocery store UK has declined to its lowest level for almost a decade that British consumers have defected to the German discount chains Aldi and Lidl to save money. Latest information on Kantar World Panel shows the market shares of Tesco rose from 28.7% in the 12 weeks to March 2. This is compared with 29.6% for a year and turns back the clock at the end of 2004, while the merchant was on the rise. Big four supermarket chains in the grocery market is facing pressure on the value of sales at the end of the while polarizes a flight discount Waitrose started to clean. Task 1: Be Able to use recruitment, selection and retention procedures 1.1. According to Barratt and Mottershead (2000), the part of the selection in the context of whether the candidate is suitable for the culture of the company. Even if a person demonstrates the social profiles of likes, dislikes and nature, it would be wrong to add, on the basis of the decision in an interview with a mere assumptions were collected in the profile. However, the interview is a quite acceptable, the question that is personality of the interviewee to match. To ask about your personal and professional values, they are in their career path and how they manage the values of the company in uncomfortable situations before shoot responses to match the vision. 2.2: The recruitment of a new candidate, the importance of legal and ethical regulations, cannot be ignored and it is wrong to believe that the employee has appeared on their first date, when recruitment is completed. Most companies require that satisfy the people that such a probation is for both parties, that there the employees pass. Recruitment is expensive and is designed to attract and retain the best talent, as soon as possible. A Tesco worker in your business processes and enables the individual to achieve the full productivity (and profitability). In addition, the registration should start everything before the employees? The welcome pack contains which is the need of a signature can be sent by mail, and current staff to develop a new employee is their first day-log-in on your computer, for example. Beyond expectations, workers is good for admission to the program will help the company meet their. If the employees of the company, the first impression is positive, they are more li kely to remain happy in the job and has less tendency to seek other employment. (Brindley and Buckley, 2004). 1.3: Finally, maintaining the commitment of workers is to maximize the work is very important, and people feel like they are valuable to the company and to show them that their career development has an important role to play. If a person feels that there are opportunities for advancement, and their skills are considered to be not only they work hard to stay motivated, committed and productive. The three steps described here show that the recruiting never truly expires. In order to attract the best employees, companies must constantly raise the company profile. These all affect how you see and start to see training, coaching or mentoring role and how to be seen and are related to the person who is coaching or training and guidance. Your mission is to help the person to learn and improve, do not create another version of yourself. 1.4: Hire of unskilled labour and the qualified person, the company is very simple. Companies are participating, is the source of recruitment of candidates or to place ads in magazines and then waiting for the candidates to contact them. Recruitment is the most complex business processes. But the complex is not necessarily a difficult task. Properly managed recruitment, it is necessary to introduce in three stages, the first beginning before the company decided to make may be rented, and after that the employee has voltage. ; When employees are on board, they should be treated, so who will be encouraged to promote business contacts in their circle. Recruitment targets can be rented, but the choice of who to make a positive statement of the company for several years. Task 2:Understand the Styles and impact of leadership 2.1.: Theories of leadership in naturalist Tesco was the first to develop. An example of the exception was Boudicca, Queen of the Icene of ancient Britain. The default value is not belief or such amount would not have been able to learn to know, but was naturally part of their genetic heritage. It was probably hereditary (or so everyone believed)! It is one of the reasons for which a decision or aristocratic families. The scientific method has been applied in psychology, study of human behavior in a new naturalistic approach to leadership theories emerged a trait theory. Trait leadership theory assumes that leaders born, does not. But he sought to identify the personality traits associated with the best leaders, will help you to understand the leadership and identify people who take the same traits could (assumed) make good leaders. Trait theory still has its supporters. Some psychometric tools are used to recruit leaders built the idea naturally or built in functionality (Charantimath, 2 006). 2.2: Leadership functional theories are based on very different assumptions. They focus on the leaders Here it is a short leap of faith that if someone can do something like this, while others can learn how do we are now world leaders are made, not born.Free team-building policies and game ideas can help you to plan and use the games and exercises for training sessions, meetings, workshops, seminars and conferences, adults, youth and children, work, education, or clubs and social activities and Team building activities, games, exercises and also to improve the organization of the project and the results expected and the benefits. We cannot accept responsibility for any liability, which is due to these ideas, free team or the games see warning below. Always make sure that games instead of team set up, which takes place of insurance and be especially careful when working with games for children, children and young people. 2.3.: Theories situational leadership was developed to find the good ways to adapt to the needs of the management actions in a variety of situations and conditions. The classical model of leadership is the situational capacity (or skills) and will (commitment and motivation) will lead to and then specify that the governing body following the best style. Other approaches suggest lifestyle management continued. Leadership style in this refers to a broad approach. Director of leadership style is often based on the beliefs of the Director, personality, experience, work environment and the situation at the time. Some of the leaders in the style of management jobs. Others are more flexible and adapted to the needs of different situations in the management of these theories of leadership became a management style, the notion of style. However, they focus a lot on the leader and the followers of the balance of powers. (Armstrong, 2008). 2.4: Autocratic leaders tend to make decisions and put them in others. They often believe that they are best placed to make decisions for the other power. These leaders have certain personality traits, such as the need for control of situations. Autocratic leadership is suitable for certain situations, such as in emergency situations, or time critical circumstances. But they tend to feed other people or to get the best results from your supporters, who are capable and motivated and Leaders participatory to consult and involve them in the decision-making process. They can make the final decision, but they are showing respect for the account of other consulting services, as well as the ability to listen. Starting points, the default value is that he appreciates generally supporters who reciprocate by being loyal and committed and participatory leadership to develop others and build a common direction leading to a common vision and common goals. Participatory leaders accept leadership as often facilitation style. In other words, they empower and encourage others to make decisions, Act and to function normally within the defined limits. Task 3:Be able to work effectively in a team 3.1.: Important team Tesco work can be neglected for the team, building games, exercises and activities available on this site Web.Construire of games, exercises and activities to help build the team, motivation, develop, improve group communication and is fun for consortia, organizations, children and even a celebration of childrens development and team building games, exercises and heats of action in meetings, conferences, training and make it easier to improve. (Armstrong and Baron, 2002) Free team-building policies and game ideas can help you to plan and use the games and exercises for training sessions, meetings, workshops, seminars and conferences, adults, youth and children, work, education, or clubs and social activities and Team building activities, games, exercises and also to improve the organization of the project and the results expected and the benefits. We cannot accept responsibility for any liability, which is due to these ideas, free team or the games see warning below. Always make sure that games instead of team set up, which takes place of insurance and be especially careful when working with games for children, children and young people. To the extent possible, the development of a top up by providing mentoring and promotion coaching (drawing-mis), which is very effective with excellent, a part of the production. With an appropriate guidance and counselling is used in the formal structure of the training anyway, but support can also be a great help to the development of the whole person, especially if the mentor or coach is regarded as a role model, special efforts. It is important that the leader to understand yourself well before the coach or train or mentor others to: 3.2.: Working in the Tesco is dependent on the leader and good team workmakes things happen, more than any other organization. Teamwork is encouraged to respect, encourage, inspire and management. The teams come from big clubs, when they decide to do it yourself, not because someone says so. Something to inspire them, perhaps, but ultimately decided the team. It is a team thing. It must be. The team says: OK . We will not be able to tell the difference. We have the best in what we do. Find each other and prosper in the American team. And we make sure we have a lot of fun with the whole team starts to move mountains. People are motivated by the best, if you can get them to plan and decide on action-ask-them. Second, you can get the front in the Organization, if the purpose is to develop your own possibilities to find exactly what they are doing and learning. Games can be boring or condescending to many people they want action that will help them to learn and to develop in areas that inter est them without worrying about work stuff please ask. When you ask people in general, you have a number of proposals which can be put in place a set of experiences that people or participate in turn during the day or in the team (workinfo.com, 13) (James, 2008) and (Armstrong, 2000 )). 3.3.: The effectiveness of the work of the team is to reach the objective is very important, and those who have specific skills or interests is, in fact, that among the workers they enjoy sharing with others activity good team can be built with many hobbies and interests. If you are planning a full day of activities throughout the day, games, the construction of the spirit of the group is the waste throughout the day. Find ways to offer an attractive combination of action and help them achieve and learn more about and perhaps the accumulation of forests focuses on one or two real challenges or the workshop . Maybe a little of your leadership in the planning of the day workers (or according to applicable ) the level of proficiency for the benefit of their development and it (Deb, 2006). 3.4.: Team building exercises and offers a wonderful opportunity of consciousness raises and the participation of ethical organizations. These modern business ideas and concepts for the sustainable development of the trade fair social responsibility, triple bottom line, love, compassion, humanity and spirituality, etc. is yet to be defined or understood: people are not aware of what has all means for them one at the time and the Organization as a whole, even if most people instinctively interested in the principles. Group tasks and discussions to help bring clarity and idealistic concepts, such as the ethical and social responsibility more effective than the theory of reading or trying to come up with a new idea of business to embrace the airy fairy, person, place and issued orders. A fundamental change is coming, with support from the top, of course, but the success is, at the end of an account successfully, because people recognize and see the change, it is not. Task 4: Be able to assess the work and development needs of individuals 4.1.: The importance of planning and follow-up, Tesco cannot be ignored and there is no limit to the development of training this is something that will help the person with ability in skills, confidence, tolerance, commitment, initiative, interpersonal relationships, understanding of self-control, motivation to grow (if you look at the really powerful people, perhaps they executives technicians, operators, attributes, in any role, which is particularly important in the properties are likely to be more inclined to good students. And skills, as well as available to the public, in order to ensure that processes are much more helpful Attitude includes features that require a different training and learning methods. The attitude is due to his thoughts, beliefs, emotional maturity, self-confidence and experience. It is the largest formation and the challenges of development, and there are better ways to achieve change and development, which has brought the people to the class room, or produce more than normal business or education, which may see a chore. 4.2.: For this reason, the teaching and learning has expanded well beyond the traditional courses of follow up the course. Be creative, innovative and an open mind, and you will see, learning, itself, is almost a new group or organization. If you want to make a difference, think about what helps really people to change. Managers and leaders in the education and training of their peoples and to develop the people, it will improve performance, raises morale; training and development of people with more health and productivity of the Organization and the effectiveness of the company. Director of ethics and behavior of the people at the top, that determines how productive, they will use their knowledge and skills. Training is nothing without the motivation to implement effectively. Strong ability to plan and manage your knowledge and skills, motivation and attitude, the acquisition, largely determines the way in which working people. To ensure that important, skills, techniques and knowledge have been trained, but to remember him is after most efforts of education and the resources to focus on these tools and processes to stop the training. Go after the help people grow and develop people as human beings humans. 4.3.: The Foundation of all that are experienced by all employees take for granted: the changes are; At the announcement of the grid. What is the holiday routine, a disease where the canteen; what is the dress code; the work is. New employees are also the mission of the Organization, objectives and philosophy; personnel practices, health and safety at work and, of course, they need eliminate methods, annexed and expectations. Administrations shall ensure that due to plan regular induction training is to provide to each new employee and all parties concerned, so that they can see what is happening and everything which is associated to the. Prepare and give the plan of induction, which is required for each of the new starter. Conclusion We can easily deduct from above to know its role is not defined as a human being or an organization, and because the companys policy could be developed for each of the reasons, to take their work and ask for the role, in addition to the requirements of the public authorities and, in addition, separately. You have insufficient skills? Companies need help or advice in areas of importance is to educate, coach, mentor for others? What is a style? How can communicate. These all affect how you see and start to see training, coaching or mentoring role and how to be seen and are related to the person who is coaching or training and guidance. Your mission is to help the person to learn and improve, do not create another version of yourself. When you understand your self, you understand, how can you understand the best way to communicate and how best to help others to grow and learn and develop. References: Allen, B, Holland, P., Dnonhue, R., Pyman, A. and Sheehan, C. (2012) Contemporary Issues and Challenges in HRM, 2nd ed. USA: The University Press Armstrong, M. (2006) A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. US: Kogan Page Limited. Armstrong, M. (2008) Strategic Human Resource Management: A Guide to Action. 4th ed. UK: Kogan Page. Armstrong, M. (2010) Armstrongs Essential Human Resource Management Practice: A Guide to PeopleManagement. UK: Kogan Page Limited Armstrong, M. and Baron, A. (2002) Strategic HRM: The Key to Improved Business Performance. UK:CIPD Aryee, S. And Budhwar, P. (2008) An Introduction to Strategic Human Resource Management. UK: CIPD Charantimath, P. (2006) Entrepreneurship Development and Small Business Enterprise. New Delhi, India: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Cornelius, N. (2001) Human Resource Management: A Managerial Perspective. UK: Thomson Deb, T. (2006) Strategic Approach to Human Resource Management. New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. Dgaep.gov.pt. (2005) Human Resources management strategies to support organizational changes† online available at http://www.dgaep.gov.pt/media/0601010000/lux/hrmorgchanges.pdf [Accessed: 9th February, 2014] Dhar, R. (2008) Strategic Human Resource Management. New Delhi, India: Excel Books Durai, P. (2010) Human Resource Management. New Delhi, India: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Macgregor, R. And McGeehan, L. (2010) Human Resources: Legislation in the Workplace. Online available at http://www.slideshare.net/MrMcGowan74/legislation-in-the-workplace [Accessed: 8th February, 2014] Pedler, M. (2008) Action Learning for Managers.UK: TJ International Ltd. Sims, R. (2007) Human Resource Management: Contemporary Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities. USA: Information Age Publishing Inc. Smallbusiness.com (2014) Five Components of a Human Resource Management System. Online available at http://smallbusiness.chron.com/five-components-human-resource-management-system-64231.html [Accessed: 7th February, 2014]